A comprehensive overview of the English language, including its history, structure, and key features.
An overview of basic sentence structures in English, including simple, compound, and complex sentences.
Sentence structure is the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence, determining how ideas are expressed and understood.
A1 English is based on the 26-letter Latin alphabet, with each letter having a name and corresponding sounds. Mastery of the alphabet and basic pronunciation rules is essential for reading, writing, and speaking.
A comprehensive overview of English grammar, its key components, rules, and significance in language learning and usage.
The present tense expresses actions or situations that are currently happening, habitual, or generally true.
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The Present Continuous tense is used to describe actions that are happening right now or around the current moment, as well as future plans.
Summary of English past tenses, including their uses and key forms.
The Simple Past tense is used to describe actions that were completed in the past.
The Past Continuous tense describes actions that were in progress at a specific time in the past.
The future tense in English describes actions or events that will happen, are expected to happen, or are predicted.
A summary of the Simple Future tense in English, including its definition, form, usage, and examples.
The Future Continuous tense describes actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.
Conditional tenses are used to express situations and their possible outcomes, often linking 'if' clauses with main clauses to show real or imagined scenarios.
The first conditional is used to talk about real and possible situations in the future. It describes a condition and its probable result.
A detailed overview of the Second Conditional in English, including its structure, usage, and examples.
The subjunctive mood is used to express wishes, hypotheticals, demands, or situations contrary to fact.
A summary of the present subjunctive mood, its uses, and examples in English.
The past subjunctive expresses hypothetical, contrary-to-fact, or wishful situations related to the past.
Verbal aspects are grammatical categories that express how an action, event, or state, as described by a verb, extends over time or is viewed in relation to time.
Perfect tenses in English express actions that are completed relative to a specific time, linking past, present, and future events.
Progressive tenses describe actions in progress at different times, using the verb 'to be' and the '-ing' form.
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence, helping to avoid repetition and make sentences clearer and more concise.
Subject pronouns are pronouns used as the subject of a sentence, replacing proper nouns and helping avoid repetition.
Object pronouns are pronouns used as the object of a verb or preposition in a sentence, replacing the noun that receives the action.
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of a sentence are the same, emphasizing that the action is performed on oneself.
A1/A2 English grammar articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific, including 'a', 'an', and 'the'.
A1-A2 English grammar summary of definite and indefinite articles, including usage rules and examples.
Possessives are forms of nouns, pronouns, or sometimes adjectives, that show ownership or a close relationship between one thing and another.
A1-A2 English grammar summary for adjectives and pronouns, including their roles, types, and examples.
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns, providing more information about their quality, quantity, or identity.
Descriptive adjectives are words that modify nouns by providing information about their qualities, quantities, or characteristics.
Comparative and superlative adjectives are used to compare differences between two or more things, showing varying degrees of a quality.
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing information about how, when, where, why, or to what extent something happens.
Adverbs that describe how often an action occurs, such as always, usually, sometimes, and never.
Adverbs of manner describe how an action is performed, providing detail about the way something happens.
A1-A2 English infinitives are the 'to' + base verb form used to express purpose, intention, and more.
Infinitives are the base form of a verb, often preceded by 'to', and they function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence.
The imperative mood expresses commands, requests, or instructions.
Affirmative commands are imperative statements used to tell someone to do something, express a direct order, request, or instruction in a positive form.
Negative commands are used to tell someone not to do something. In English, they are formed by placing 'do not' or 'don't' before the base verb in the imperative mood.
Plurals & Gender covers how different languages handle noun pluralization and the role of grammatical gender, including key rules, examples, and exceptions.
A1-level English noun plurals are formed by adding -s or -es for regular nouns, with special rules for some endings, and unique forms for irregular nouns.
Gender agreement is the grammatical rule that requires matching the gender of related words in a sentence, such as nouns, adjectives, and articles.
Prepositions are words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of a sentence, often indicating direction, place, time, or method.
A summary of common prepositions in English, their usage, and examples.
Prepositions of place are words used to show the location or position of something in relation to something else.
Negations are grammatical constructions that express the opposite of an affirmative statement, indicating that something is not true, not happening, or not allowed.
Simple negations in English are formed by adding 'not' to auxiliary verbs or using 'do not/does not' for main verbs in the present tense, and 'did not' for the past tense.
A1/A2 English double negatives are two negative words used together in a sentence, often making a positive meaning in Standard English, but used for emphasis in some dialects.
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A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal grammatical importance in a sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions are words that connect a dependent clause to an independent clause, showing the relationship between them.
Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, including how words are arranged to create meaning.
Basic syntax rules govern the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
A summary of the main types of sentence structures in English, including simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
A1/A2 English sentences are classified into three main types: declarative (statements), interrogative (questions), and exclamatory (expressions of strong emotion).
Interrogatives are words and structures used in a language to form questions, enabling the speaker to request information, clarification, or confirmation.
A1-level English question words, their meanings, and how they are used to form different types of questions.
Relative clauses are used to give extra information about someone or something mentioned in a sentence, using relative pronouns like who, which, that, etc.
Relative clauses are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun, providing essential or additional information...
Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the structure and formation of words, including the analysis of morphemes, the smallest units of meaning.
Word formation is the process by which new words are created in a language, including methods such as derivation, compounding, conversion, and blending.
Verb conjugation is the process of modifying a verb to reflect tense, mood, aspect, person, and number, ensuring it agrees with the subject and context of a sentence.
A1-A2 French verbs follow standard patterns for each verb group, making it easier to predict their forms in different tenses.
A summary of irregular verb conjugation patterns in English, including examples and their impact on grammar.
Idiomatic expressions are phrases whose meanings cannot be deduced from the literal definitions of the words they contain. They are a key part of fluent language use, adding color and cultural nuance.
A list of common English idiomatic expressions, their meanings, and examples of how they are used in everyday conversation.
English vocabulary is the set of words and phrases used in the English language, covering all aspects of life, knowledge, and culture.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for greetings and conversations, including basic greetings, farewells, conversation starters, and formal vs. informal language.
Simple and common greetings used in everyday English conversations.
A comparison between formal and informal language, including definitions, examples, contexts, and key differences.
Common phrases and questions used to begin a conversation in English.
Common words and phrases used to say goodbye in English, including formal and informal expressions.
The English number system covers everything from simple digits to complex numerals, including their structure, usage, and importance in everyday life.
A1-level English numbers from 1 to 10, including their correct spelling and pronunciation.
The English words for the numbers 11 through 20, their correct spelling, and usage in sentences.
The tens are the numbers 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90, forming the backbone of the decimal system beyond the first digit.
A celebration of the number 100 in English: its meaning, usage, fun facts, and why it's so important.
In English, large numbers are named in a clear sequence: thousand, million, billion, each increasing by a factor of 1,000.
Measurement units are standardized quantities used to express and compare physical properties such as length, weight, volume, time, temperature, and more. They enable consistent communication and calculation across different fields and regions.
An introduction to the standard units of time, their history, and how they are used to measure durations, intervals, and moments in both everyday life and scientific contexts.
Length units are the standards used to measure distance or size in one dimension, ranging from meters and feet to miles and kilometers.
Weight is a measure of how heavy something is, commonly expressed in units like grams, kilograms, pounds, and ounces.
Volume is the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, commonly measured in units such as liters, milliliters, cubic meters, and cubic centimeters.
Currency is a system of money in common use, especially within a nation, used as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of account.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, indicating how hot or cold it is.
Mathematics is the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and their relationships using logical reasoning and precise language.
Addition is the mathematical process of combining two or more numbers to get a total sum.
Subtraction is a fundamental mathematical operation that represents the process of taking one quantity away from another, resulting in the difference between the two.
A mathematical operation combining equal groups, essential for scaling and repeated addition.
Division is the process of splitting a number into equal parts, finding out how many times one number is contained within another.
A1/A2 math topic on Percentages and Fractions, explaining their meanings, conversions, and basic operations for beginner learners.
Mathematical procedures and formulas used to solve problems in science, often involving precise measurements, units, and conversions.
A1-A2 English color vocabulary, including basic colors, shades, tints, and common color combinations.
Basic colors are the fundamental hues used in language and design, essential for everyday communication and understanding.
A1-A2 English learners can describe 'shades' as darker versions of colors and 'tints' as lighter versions, used to express emotions and details in everyday life.
A1/A2 level summary of color combinations in English, including primary, secondary, complementary, and popular combinations.
Date and time vocabulary is essential for everyday communication, covering days of the week, months, seasons, telling time, and important dates and holidays.
The days of the week are Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
A1 English vocabulary for the months of the year, including their order, origins, and usage in date and time contexts.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for the four seasons, including key words and phrases for spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
The language and concepts used to express the time of day in hours and minutes, including both analog and digital formats, as well as common phrases for different times.
A summary of key international holidays and important dates, including their significance and typical ways they are celebrated around the world.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for family members, relationships, and important phrases used to describe and discuss families and personal connections.
A list of common family member terms in English, including parents, siblings, and extended relatives.
English vocabulary for different types of relationships, key terms, and expressions used to describe how people are connected.
A1/A2 level essential family and relationships phrases in English, with definitions, example sentences, and links to related topics.
English vocabulary related to food, cooking, meals, and dining, including common foods, cooking terms, meal varieties, and restaurant expressions.
An overview of common foods, including their categories, examples, and significance in daily life and culture.
A1-A2 level English cooking terms and definitions, with recipes and examples.
Different types of meals enjoyed around the world, including breakfast, lunch, dinner, brunch, and snacks.
A1–B2 English words and phrases for dining at restaurants, including ordering, menu items, and common expressions.
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the kingdom Animalia. They are characterized by their ability to move, reproduce sexually, and consume organic material for energy.
Animals that have been tamed and bred by humans for work, companionship, or food.
English vocabulary for wild animals, including their names, habitats, and characteristics.
Marine life refers to the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the ocean and other saltwater environments.
A summary of what endangered species are, including key facts about their conservation status and why they are important.
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including conditions like temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, and visibility.
A1-level weather vocabulary covering essential terms like sunshine, rain, snow, wind, and temperature.
An overview of the key concepts, vocabulary, and phenomena related to seasons and climate in English.
Weather forecasting is the science of predicting atmospheric conditions using data from various sources and advanced models.
Extreme weather refers to severe or unusual weather conditions, including events like hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, heatwaves, and floods.
A summary of English vocabulary related to clothing and accessories, including types of clothing, seasonal clothing, and common accessories.
A comprehensive overview of different types of clothing, their purposes, and examples from around the world.
Seasonal clothing refers to garments specifically designed and worn for different seasons, such as winter coats, summer dresses, and spring rain jackets.
A1-A2 level English vocabulary about accessories—items worn or used to complement clothing, such as hats, scarves, belts, and jewelry.
Travel is the movement of people between distant locations, involving transportation, accommodation, and cultural exchange.
Directions vocabulary includes essential words and phrases for navigating from one place to another, such as left, right, straight, intersection, and landmarks.
Travel accommodation refers to the places where travelers stay during their trips, including hotels, hostels, motels, bed and breakfasts, vacation rentals, and more.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for transportation, including common modes of transport, related words, and example sentences.
Health vocabulary covers terms related to the body, illnesses, medical care, and wellness, helping people describe symptoms, treatments, and healthy lifestyles.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for common body parts, including head, arm, leg, hand, foot, eye, ear, nose, mouth, and more.
Common illnesses are diseases or health conditions that frequently affect people, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, and fatigue.
A1-A2 English medical phrases for patients and healthcare providers, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and emergency expressions.
A glossary of essential wellness and fitness terms, including definitions for exercise types, nutrition, mental health, and common medical concepts.
A1-A2 level English vocabulary covering common job titles, professions, and workplace roles.
A list and description of common professions, including their roles, typical workplaces, and significance in society.
Key workplace vocabulary for English learners, including common terms for jobs, roles, responsibilities, and office environments.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for education, including school subjects, classroom vocabulary, and common terms used in schools and learning.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for school subjects, including common classes, brief definitions, and typical topics covered in each subject.
A1-A2 classroom vocabulary covers common words and phrases used in and around the classroom, including subjects, objects, people, and typical activities.
English technology vocabulary including common devices, internet terms, and key concepts.
A list of common electronic devices with definitions and example sentences.
A1–B2 English words and phrases about the internet, including definitions, example sentences, and related terms.
A list of common English words for emotions and feelings, from joy and sadness to anger and surprise.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for common hobbies and interests, including definitions, example sentences, and typical uses.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for shopping, including common terms, phrases, and expressions used in stores, markets, and online.
English vocabulary related to shopping transactions, including key terms for buying, selling, and payment processes.
Music & Arts vocabulary covers terms related to musical instruments, genres, performances, visual arts, artists, and artistic techniques, spanning both historical and contemporary contexts.
A1-B2 music vocabulary: instruments, genres, and key terms, with definitions, images, and example sentences.
A summary of the sports vocabulary, including key terms, types, equipment, and their importance in English language learning.
An overview of major sports, their essential equipment, and key vocabulary terms that define the world of athletics.
Politics & Government is a field that deals with the systems, structures, and processes by which societies are governed, and the distribution and exercise of power and authority.
A list of essential political terms and their definitions, helping learners understand and discuss politics more effectively.
The environment refers to the natural world, including all living and non-living things, and their interactions.
Conservation and ecosystems are crucial concepts in environmental science, focusing on the protection of natural habitats and the interdependent communities of living organisms within them.
Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another, using various modes such as vehicles, public transit, air travel, and more.
A1-A2 English vocabulary for public transport and vehicles, including buses, trains, trams, taxis, and common related terms.
English vocabulary related to home and living, including furniture, rooms, appliances, and renting and buying.
Common English vocabulary for furniture, rooms, and appliances in a home.
Essential English vocabulary for renting and buying homes, including key terms and phrases used in real estate and housing agreements.
A summary of legal terms, their meanings, and importance in the justice system.
A concise guide to essential legal terms that are commonly used in law, court proceedings, and legal documents.
A1-B2 level English vocabulary covering important holidays, festivals, and cultural traditions from around the world.
A1-A2 English vocabulary page about important festivals from around the world, including their names, key traditions, and cultural significance.
A summary of cultural traditions and customs, their importance in societies, and how they are expressed through various practices around the world.
A list of essential English verbs that are crucial for communication, covering their basic meanings and roles in sentences.
The verb 'be' expresses existence, identity, and states of being, serving as a fundamental link between subjects and their descriptions or realities.
The verb 'have' is used to express possession, relationships, experiences, and necessity in English.
The verb 'do' expresses the idea of performing, executing, or carrying out an action, task, or activity.
to express verbally
go is a common English verb that means to move or travel from one place to another.
The verb 'get' is used to express receiving or obtaining something in English.
The verb 'make' means to create, construct, or produce something, often transforming materials or ideas into a finished product.
to be aware of
Think: to use one's mind to consider, reason, or reflect.
The verb 'take' in the sense of acquiring possession means to get control of something, often by moving it from one person to another.
The verb 'see' means to perceive with the eyes. It covers direct visual perception, understanding, and future arrangements in English.
The verb 'come' expresses movement toward the speaker or a specified point, indicating arrival or approach.
The verb 'want' expresses desire for something and is used to indicate what someone wishes to have, do, or experience.
The verb "look" means to direct one's gaze toward someone or something.
The verb 'use' means to employ something for a particular purpose. It is a fundamental verb in English, versatile in both form and function.
to discover - the meaning, usage, and forms of the verb find in English.
A1 English verb 'give': to present something to someone, express, or provide. Forms: give, gives, gave, given. Usage, examples, and practice.
to inform or communicate something to someone, usually by speaking
A detailed overview of the verb 'work,' including its meaning, usage, conjugation, and examples.
The verb 'ask' means to inquire or request information, help, or permission from someone.
The verb 'seem' is used to express an impression or appearance, indicating that something appears to be a certain way, often based on perception rather than certainty.
The verb 'feel' expresses the act of experiencing emotions or physical sensations. It is used to describe both internal states and external perceptions.
An overview of the verb 'try' as a means to express making an effort or attempting, including its usage, forms, and examples.
to go away from a place, person, or thing
The verb 'call' means to name someone or something, or to contact someone, usually by phone.
Word spaces are pairs or groups of words that occupy adjacent or related meanings, often leading to subtle distinctions in usage, context, and connotation.
to perceive visually — 'See' is for passive perception, 'Look' is for active attention, and 'Watch' is for sustained observation.*
Say and Tell are key verbs for expressing speech in English. Say focuses on the exact words spoken, while Tell emphasizes conveying information or instructions to someone.
'Make' is for creating or producing something new, while 'Do' is for performing actions or tasks.
The verbs 'go' and 'come' express opposite directions: 'go' is used for moving away from the speaker, while 'come' is used for moving towards the speaker.
A1/A2 distinction: 'Take' expresses moving something away from the speaker (to carry away), while 'Bring' means moving something toward the speaker (to convey here).
The key difference between 'hear' and 'listen' is that 'hear' means to perceive sound automatically, while 'listen' means to actively pay attention to sound.
A comparison of 'speak' and 'talk,' highlighting their different nuances, typical usage, and contexts in English.
The verbs 'look' and 'appear' contrast between expressing a directed action ('look') and describing a perception or impression ('appear').
Know describes having information or understanding in the present, while learn refers to the process of gaining knowledge or skills.
ask vs inquire: When do we use each verb for questioning, and what are their differences in tone and formality?
leave expresses departing from a place or situation, while quit means stopping an activity or job.
The noun 'house' refers to a physical building, while 'home' means a place of residence filled with personal meaning and emotional attachment.
A1-level explanation of the difference between 'job' and 'work', focusing on 'occupation' and 'labor'.
The nouns 'child' and 'kid' both refer to young people, but 'child' is more formal and 'kid' is informal. 'Child' is used in official contexts and emphasizes youth, while 'kid' is common in everyday speech.
The difference between a 'street' and a 'road' is that a street is typically an urban way lined with buildings, while a road is a rural or interurban way connecting different places.
A comparison between 'city' and 'town,' highlighting their differences in size, population, and urban characteristics.
Money is a broad concept encompassing all forms of value used for exchange, while cash specifically refers to physical currency like coins and banknotes.
A comparison of the nouns 'problem' and 'issue,' highlighting 'problem' as a difficulty needing a solution and 'issue' as a matter of concern or discussion.
A comparison of the noun 'car' and 'vehicle', highlighting 'car' as a specific type of automobile and 'vehicle' as a broad term for any mode of transport.
A1/B1 distinction between 'time' as an ongoing duration and 'moment' as a precise, brief point when something happens.
A comparison of the words 'friend' and 'buddy,' focusing on their meanings, connotations, and usage as nouns that describe companions.
The difference between 'food' and 'meal': 'food' is any edible substance, while a 'meal' is a structured occasion for eating.