Subordinating conjunctions are words that join a dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent clause. They show how the two clauses are related — whether by time, cause, condition, contrast, or purpose. The clause introduced by the subordinating conjunction cannot stand alone and depends on the main clause to complete its meaning.
Common Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
Here are the main types of subordinating conjunctions, followed by examples:
Time
Conjunctions: after, before, when, while, as soon as, until, since
These indicate when something happens. The dependent clause gives a time frame.
Example:
- Before you leave, turn off the lights.
- I stayed home because I was sick.
Cause/Reason
Conjunctions: because, since, as, now that
These show the reason for something.
Example:
- I didn’t go out because it was raining.
- Since you’re here, help me with this.
Condition
Conjunctions: if, unless, provided (that), as long as
These express a condition that must be met.
Example:
- If it rains, we’ll cancel the picnic.
- You won’t pass unless you study.
Contrast
Conjunctions: although, though, even though, whereas, while
These introduce an unexpected or contrasting idea.
Example:
- Although it was cold, we went swimming.
- She likes coffee, while I prefer tea.
Purpose
Conjunctions: so that, in order that
These explain the purpose or goal of an action.
Example:
- I left early so that I could catch the train.
- She studies hard in order that she may succeed.
Rules for Using Subordinating Conjunctions
- The subordinating conjunction always begins the dependent clause.
- The dependent clause can come before or after the main clause.
- Use a comma if the dependent clause comes first; no comma if it comes second.
Examples:
- If it rains, we’ll stay inside.
- We’ll stay inside if it rains.
Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences
| Time | Cause/Reason | Condition | Contrast | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I called you after I arrived. | I stayed home because I was tired. | If you need help, call me. | Although he’s young, he’s very wise. | I’ll explain it so that you understand. |
| She left before dinner. | Since it’s late, we should go. | You can’t leave unless you finish. | She sings, while he plays guitar. | We took notes in order that we wouldn’t forget. |
Complete the sentence: 'I’ll explain it _____ you understand.'
so that
'So that' shows the purpose of the explanation — to help you understand. It connects the goal to the action.
Tips for Learners
- Practice different types: Try making sentences with time, cause, condition, contrast, and purpose conjunctions.
- Watch out for commas: Remember the rule about commas when the dependent clause is first.
- Look for clues: Words like “if,” “because,” “although,” “when,” and “so that” signal subordinating conjunctions.
- Avoid run-ons: Don’t join two independent clauses with just a subordinating conjunction; one clause must be dependent.
Summary
Subordinating conjunctions are key to writing complex sentences that show clear relationships between ideas: when, why, how, or under what conditions something happens.
Last updated: Wed Jun 18, 2025
