English grammar is the set of rules that govern how words are used to form sentences in English, including parts of speech, tenses, and more.
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Table of Contents
- Parts of Speech
Parts of speech are the categories of words (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) that describe their function in a sentence.
- Nouns
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas. They can be singular or plural and may show possession.
- Gender (Natural Gender, Neutral Language)
An overview of how English handles gender through natural gender principles and the use of neutral language, focusing on pronouns and inclusive communication.
- Plurals
Plurals in English, including how to form them, common rules, exceptions, and special cases.
- Irregular Plurals
Irregular plurals in English are noun forms that do not follow the standard “-s” or “-es” ending rule. This page explains common patterns, examples, exceptions, and tips for mastering irregular plural forms.
- Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns are types of nouns that differ in how they can be quantified and used in sentences, with countable nouns having singular and plural forms, and uncountable nouns representing substances or concepts that cannot be counted individually.
- Noun-Adjective Agreement (limited)
Noun-adjective agreement in English involves ensuring adjectives correctly match the nouns they describe in number and meaning.
- Articles
A concise explanation of English articles (a, an, the), their usage, and key rules to help learners use them correctly.
- Definite Article
Definite article is a word (“the”) used before a noun to indicate a specific or known item, person, or group.
- Indefinite Article
Indefinite article, usage, a, an, English grammar
- Zero Article
Zero article in English grammar: rules and examples for when to omit "a," "an," or "the."
- Pronouns
An overview of English pronouns, including types like personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative, relative, and more.
- Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns are words that replace the subject (doer) of a sentence. They help avoid repeating names and make sentences clearer.
- Direct Object Pronouns
A comprehensive overview of English direct object pronouns, explaining their function, usage, and position in sentences to replace direct objects and avoid repetition.
- Indirect Object Pronouns
Indirect object pronouns are words that replace indirect objects in a sentence, showing to whom or for whom something is done.
- Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same, indicating that the action refers back to the subject.
- Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are words that replace nouns to show ownership or possession. They indicate that something belongs to someone or something.
- Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns in English, including their forms, usage rules, examples, and common mistakes.
- Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are words like who, whom, whose, which, and that that introduce relative clauses to connect ideas and provide more information.
- Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns in English, including what, who, whom, whose, and which; their usage in forming questions and more.
- Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns and pronouns, providing more information about their qualities, quantities, or states.
- Descriptive Adjectives
Descriptive adjectives in English grammar, what they are, how they function, and examples of their use across different contexts.
- Comparative Adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used to compare two people, things, or groups, showing differences in quality, quantity, or degree.
- Superlative Adjectives
Superlative adjectives are used to describe the highest degree or extreme quality among three or more people or things. They often end in -est or are preceded by "most".
- Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives are words that point to specific nouns and indicate their location relative to the speaker, such as “this,” “that,” “these,” and “those.”
- Attributive vs. Predicative Position
A comprehensive overview of attributive and predicative adjective positions in English, including structure, usage, meaning, and common examples.
- Adverbs
Adverbs (/ˈædvɜːrbz/) are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action occurs.
- Frequency Adverbs
Frequency adverbs are words that describe how often an action occurs, helping to express routine, habits, or the likelihood of events.
- Manner Adverbs
Manner adverbs are adverbs that describe how an action is performed, providing more detail about the verb.
- Degree Adverbs
Degree adverbs are words that modify adjectives, other adverbs, or verbs to indicate the level or intensity of something.
- Place Adverbs
Place adverbs are words that describe where an action takes place, providing information about the location or direction of the verb.
- Time Adverbs
Time adverbs in English are words that express when an action takes place, indicating past, present, or future timing. This guide explains their usage and common examples.
- Prepositions
An overview of English prepositions, their types, and how they show relationships between words in sentences.
- Common Prepositions
Common prepositions in English that are essential for constructing clear and accurate sentences, including examples and usage.
- Prepositions of Place
Prepositions of place, such as in, on, at, under, and next to, show the location of something or someone.
- Prepositions of Time
Prepositions of time — understanding and using in, on, at, since, for, and more to talk about time.
- Conjunctions
A comprehensive overview of conjunctions, explaining their role in connecting words, phrases, and clauses, with examples and types.
- Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are words that join two or more elements of equal importance in a sentence, such as words, phrases, or clauses.
- Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions in English grammar link dependent clauses to independent clauses, showing relationships like time, cause, or condition.
- Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to connect equivalent elements in a sentence, such as words, phrases, or clauses.
- Interjections
Interjections are short words or phrases that express strong emotion, reaction, or sudden feeling, often standing alone or set off by punctuation.
- Syntax and Sentences
A comprehensive overview of English grammar focusing on how words combine into phrases, clauses, and sentences to convey meaning effectively.
- Basic Syntax Rules (SVO order)
Basic English syntax rules explaining how word order follows Subject-Verb-Object, along with common variations for questions and negatives.
- Sentence Structure
A comprehensive overview of sentence structure, including types of sentences, word order, and rules for creating clear and grammatically correct sentences.
- Declarative Sentences
Declarative sentences overview, explanation, examples, and how they are used to make statements in English.
- Interrogative Sentences (question words, do-support, inversion)
A comprehensive guide to forming questions in English using question words, auxiliary verbs (do-support), and subject-verb inversion, with examples and explanations.
- Exclamatory Sentences
Exclamatory sentences are used to express strong emotion, surprise, or excitement. They often begin with “what” or “how” and end with an exclamation mark.
- Imperative Sentences
Imperative sentences, their definitions, purposes, structures, rules, and examples in English grammar.
- Negations
A concise guide to English negation, covering how to form negative sentences using auxiliary verbs, contractions, and common negative words.
- Simple Negations (not, never, nobody)
An overview of how to form basic negations in English using "not," "never," and "nobody," including their roles, placements, and example sentences.
- Double Negatives (standard, nonstandard)
A comprehensive overview of double negatives in English, including their grammar, usage, history, and role in different dialects and contexts.
- Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are groups of words that provide more information about a noun using relative pronouns like who, which, and that.
- Defining Clauses
Defining clauses are relative clauses that provide essential information about the noun they modify, specifying its identity.
- Non-defining Clauses
Non-defining clauses are clauses that add extra information to a sentence, set off by commas, and do not change the main meaning.
- Verbs
An overview of English verbs, including their types, forms, and roles in grammar and sentence building.
- Verb Types
A comprehensive overview of the different types of verbs in English grammar, including action, linking, auxiliary, modal, transitive, intransitive, and more.
- Regular Verbs
An introduction to English regular verbs, explaining how their tenses are formed, highlighting common usage patterns, and providing examples.
- Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs in English: understanding, usage, common lists, and how to learn them.
- Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb with a preposition or adverb that create a new meaning. They are common in English and are essential for natural conversation.
- Modal Verbs (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would)
Modal verbs overview: In English grammar, modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express ability, permission, possibility, necessity, or advice. The main modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
- Auxiliary Verbs (be, do, have)
Auxiliary verbs (be, do, have) are helping verbs that support main verbs in English, forming questions, negatives, and various tenses.
- Stative vs. Dynamic Verbs
Stative vs. dynamic verbs are two categories of verbs that describe either a state or an action. Understanding their differences is key to correct grammar.
- Verb Conjugation
Verb conjugation refers to the process of changing a verb form to express tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, or number.
- Present Simple
A comprehensive guide to the English Present Simple tense, covering its usage, rules, examples, and common mistakes.
- Past Tenses
Past tenses in English grammar, including simple past, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous, explaining their forms and uses.
- Past Simple
Past simple is an English grammar tense used to describe actions or events that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is often accompanied by time expressions like "yesterday," "last week," or "two days ago." Regular verbs form the past simple by adding -ed, while irregular verbs have unique past forms.
- Irregular Past Verbs
Irregular verbs in English and how to use their past simple forms correctly.
- Past Continuous
Past Continuous is a tense used to describe actions that were in progress at a specific moment in the past or around the same time as another action.
- Past Perfect
Past Perfect is a grammar tense in English that describes an action that was completed before another past action or point in time.
- Future Tenses
A concise overview of English future tenses, including will, going to, present continuous, and future perfect forms, for expressing future actions.
- Will-future
An in-depth guide to the English will-future tense, covering its structure, usage, rules, and examples for expressing future actions, decisions, and predictions.
- Going to-future
An explanation of the English going-to future tense, used for planned actions or logical predictions, including its structure and examples.
- Present Continuous as Future
Present continuous as future tense and how to use it for planned events or arrangements.
- Future Perfect
Future perfect tense is used to describe actions that will be completed before a specific point in the future.
- Conditional Tenses
A comprehensive overview of conditional tenses in English, explaining how to form and use zero, first, second, and third conditionals to express real and hypothetical situations.
- First, Second, Third Conditionals
First, second, and third conditionals—how to express real, imaginary, and past hypothetical situations in English using “if” clauses.
- Mixed Conditionals
Mixed conditionals are sentences that combine two different conditional types to talk about situations where the time in the “if” clause and the result clause don’t match.
- Subjunctive Mood
Subjunctive mood in English grammar, explanation, usage, examples, and rules for expressing wishes, demands, suggestions, and hypothetical situations.
- Present Subjunctive
An overview of the English present subjunctive mood, including its usage, formation, and comparison with other verb forms.
- Past Subjunctive
Past subjunctive in English grammar, used to express hypothetical situations, wishes, or conditions contrary to fact, especially with “were” and “had.”
- Verbal Aspects
Verbal aspects in English grammar, including simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive, and how they express time and action.
- Simple Tenses
Simple tenses in English grammar, including present, past, and future forms used to describe actions, habits, general truths, or events.
- Continuous (Progressive) Tenses
English continuous (progressive) tenses describe actions that are ongoing or in progress at a specific time. This guide covers how to use them in past, present, and future forms.
- Perfect Tenses
Perfect tenses in English grammar explain how actions are completed relative to other times.
- Perfect Continuous Tenses
A comprehensive guide to English perfect continuous tenses, including usage, form, examples, and common mistakes.
- Infinitives
<meta /> An overview of English infinitives, their forms (to + base verb and bare), and their roles as subjects, objects, and more.
- To-Infinitive
To-infinitive is a verb form using “to” + base verb, serving as a noun, adjective, or adverb in sentences.
- Bare Infinitive
Bare infinitive grammar, definition, usage, and examples — understanding the base form of a verb without "to" in English.
- Gerunds
Gerunds are verb forms ending in -ing that function as nouns in sentences. They can act as subjects, objects, or complements.
- Uses and Structure
Gerunds: a comprehensive overview of their role as verb forms ending in -ing, functioning as nouns in English grammar.
- Gerunds vs. Infinitives
Gerunds vs. Infinitives explains the difference between using -ing forms and to + base form verbs, including rules, examples, and common verbs that follow each pattern.
- Imperative Mood
Imperative mood in English grammar is used to express commands, instructions, or requests, featuring the base verb form without a subject.
- Affirmative Commands
Affirmative commands are verb forms used to tell someone to do something. They give direct instructions or orders in a clear, concise way.
- Negative Commands
Negative commands in English teach how to tell someone not to do something using “do not” or “don’t” plus the base form of the verb.
- Special Topics
Special Topics is a course that explores advanced areas and unique themes in English grammar beyond standard rules.
- Word Formation
Word Formation is the process of creating new words in English using prefixes, suffixes, roots, and combining forms.
- Suffixes
Suffixes in English are word endings that change the meaning or grammatical role of a word in spelling, pronunciation, or usage.
- Prefixes
English prefixes are groups of letters added to the beginning of words to change their meaning or form a new word. This overview covers common types, usage rules, and examples to help you understand how English prefixes work.
- Diminutives and Augmentatives (little, -let, etc.)
Diminutives and augmentatives are special forms of English words that show something is small, cute, or big, using endings like -let, -ette, or prefixes like mini- and mega-.
- Plurals and Gender
A comprehensive overview of how English forms plural nouns and the role of gender in English grammar.
- Gerunds and Participles (present, past)
Gerunds and participles (present and past) in English grammar, covering their formation and usage.
- Passive Voice
Passive voice is a grammar construction where the subject receives the action, emphasizing the action or object rather than the doer.
- Cleft Sentences (It is/was … that …, What … is …)
Cleft sentences are special sentence structures in English that split information into two parts to emphasize a particular word or idea. They help highlight the most important part of a sentence.
- Agreement Rules
Agreement rules in English describe how certain elements in a sentence must match in form, including subject-verb agreement, pronoun-antecedent agreement, and other less common types.
- Irregular Verbs
An overview of English irregular verbs, explaining their unique past tense and past participle forms that don’t follow regular “-ed” endings.
- Be: am, is, are, was, were, been
Irregular verb “be” across all forms and tenses, including usage of am, is, are, was, were, and been.
- Have: has, had
A comprehensive overview of the English verb 'have,' including its forms 'has' and 'had,' usage rules, examples, and role in grammar.
- Do: does, did, done
A comprehensive overview of the English verb "do," including its meaning, usage, forms, and role in questions, negatives, and emphasis.
- Go: went, gone
Go is an irregular verb that means to move from one place to another. Its past form is went, and its past participle is gone.
- Get: got, gotten/got
A comprehensive overview of the irregular English verb “get,” including its forms, meanings, usage, and common mistakes.
- Make: made
A comprehensive guide to the irregular English verb "make," covering its meaning, usage, forms, and example sentences.
- Take: took, taken
A comprehensive guide to the English verb “take,” including its meaning, usage in different forms, example sentences, and role as an irregular verb.
- See: saw, seen
A comprehensive overview of the English verb “see,” covering its meanings, usage, irregular forms, and example sentences.
- Come: came, come
A detailed overview of the English irregular verb “come,” including its meaning, usage, conjugation, example sentences, and common patterns.
- Give: gave, given
A comprehensive overview of the English irregular verb “give,” covering its meaning, usage, examples, and role in building sentences.
- Find: found
Find: found is an English irregular verb pair, with "find" as the base form and "found" as the simple past and past participle, meaning to discover or locate something.
- Think: thought
Thought is the past tense and past participle form of the irregular verb “think,” used to describe mental processes, ideas, or reflections.
- Tell: told
A comprehensive overview of the irregular verb “tell,” including its meaning, usage, rules, and examples.
- Become: became, become
A comprehensive overview of the verb 'become,' its meanings, usage, irregular forms, and examples in English.
- Show: showed, shown
A comprehensive overview of the English verb show, including its meaning, usage, irregular forms (showed, shown), and examples.
- Leave: left
Leave: left — a comprehensive overview of its meaning, usage, examples, and role as the past tense of “leave” in English.
- Feel: felt
Feel: felt is an irregular verb form of feel that expresses past tense and past participle, indicating sensations, emotions, or opinions.
- Put: put
A comprehensive overview of the irregular English verb "put," including its forms, usage, and example sentences.
- Bring: brought
Bring: brought is an irregular verb pair in English, where "bring" is the base form and "brought" is the past simple and past participle form, used for all subjects.
- Begin: began, begun
An in-depth overview of the English verb “begin,” including its meaning, usage, conjugation, and common expressions.
- Keep: kept
English verb 'keep' and its past form 'kept,' including how to use, meanings, examples, and common phrases.
- Hold: held
Irregular verb “hold”: meaning, usage, and examples for grasping and keeping objects or positions.
- Write: wrote, written
A comprehensive overview of the English verb “write,” including its meanings, usage, examples, and role in grammar.
- Stand: stood
A comprehensive guide to the English irregular verb "stand," including its meaning, forms, and usage in sentences.
- Meet: met
An overview of the English verb "meet," including its meaning, usage, example sentences, and role as an irregular verb.
- Run: ran, run
A comprehensive overview of the English verb "run," covering its meaning, usage, irregular forms, and example sentences.
- Pay: paid
Irregular verb 'pay' overview, including definitions, examples, usage, and grammar rules for English learners.
- Sit: sat
A comprehensive overview of the English verb “sit,” including its meaning, usage, examples, and role as an irregular verb.
- Speak: spoke, spoken
A comprehensive guide to the English verb "speak," covering its meanings, usage, irregular forms, example sentences, and common expressions.
- Lie: lay, lain
A comprehensive guide to the irregular verb “lie” (meaning “to recline”), including its forms “lay” and “lain,” usage rules, common errors, and example sentences.
- Lead: led
An explanation of the English verb “lead,” including its meaning, usage, and role as an irregular verb (past tense: “led”).
- Read: read, read
An explanation of the English verb read (pronounced "reed" in the base form and "red" in past forms), including its meaning, usage, irregular forms, and example sentences.
- Grow: grew, grown
Grow is an irregular verb meaning to increase in size, develop, or cultivate. It is used in various tenses to describe growth or change.
- Lose: lost
A comprehensive guide to the irregular English verb "lose," including its meaning, usage, examples, and common patterns.
- Fall: fell, fallen
Fall is an irregular English verb meaning to move downward from a higher position. Its base form is "fall," the simple past is "fell," and the past participle is "fallen."
- Send: sent
A comprehensive overview of the English verb "send," including its meaning, usage, irregular forms, and example sentences.
- Build: built
build and built irregular verb forms, usage in English, meanings, and example sentences
- Understand: understood
Understand is an irregular English verb meaning to grasp the meaning or significance of something. It is used to express comprehension.
- Draw: drew, drawn
Draw, drew, and drawn is an irregular verb in English that means to produce a picture or image, or to pull something. This page explains its forms, meanings, usage, and examples.
- Break: broke, broken
A comprehensive overview of the English irregular verb “break,” including its meaning, usage, forms, examples, and common expressions.
- Spend: spent
A comprehensive overview of the English verb 'spend', including its meanings, usage, and irregular past form 'spent'.
- Cut: cut
Cut: an irregular English verb meaning to divide something using a sharp tool or to stop something; it has the same form in base, past, and past participle.
- Future Tense
Future tense in English, explaining how to talk about actions that will happen, using will, going to, and more.
Last updated: Thu Jun 12, 2025
