You’ll soon recognize changing stems, conjugate frequent irregular verbs, and build natural French sentences with être, avoir, aller, and more. Start by spotting the patterns in the first unit, then use each guide to put those verbs to work.

An irregular verb does not keep a single conjugation pattern from start to finish. A form may change its stem, another may take a different ending, and sometimes both change. In French, regular verbs mainly follow the patterns of Verbes réguliers and of Groupes de Verbes, but irregulars require special attention because they appear very early in everyday language.

To spot them, we look at the most frequent forms, especially those in the present indicative. If the first person, the second person, or the third person do not follow the expected pattern, the verb is one of the forms to memorize. Irregularities are also found in the future, the past participle, and certain uses with auxiliary. In a sentence, the verb remains the nucleus that expresses the action, the state, the occurrence or the change, and it is what places the event in time.

is conjugated in the present as: I am, you are, he is, we are, you are, they are. gives I have, you have, he has, we have, you have, they have. gives I go, you go, he goes, we go, you go, they go.

These three verbs appear everywhere. is used to describe identity, state, profession and descriptions with an adjective. is used to express possession and many fixed expressions, such as and . is used for movement and for the construction for the near future. In everyday language, these are forms to know before almost all others, as they also serve as the base for auxiliary verbs and for several very common constructions.

Present indicative of essential bases
SubjectInfinitiveConjugation
😲je
être
suis
🧦tu
être
es
👑il
être
est
🐌nous
être
sommes
🥪vous
être
êtes
☁️ils
être
sont
🍫je
avoir
ai
🐟tu
avoir
as
🦆il
avoir
a
🌙nous
avoir
avons
👓vous
avoir
avez
🎺ils
avoir
ont
🥐je
aller
vais
🛒tu
aller
vas
🚲il
aller
va
🐧nous
aller
allons
🍪vous
aller
allez
🚀ils
aller
vont

Several verbs do not follow the regular pattern of Verbes réguliers. They often change stem in the present and in other tenses. donne je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . suit the same change type: je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . The stem or appears in the singular and third person singular, while and appear with nous and vous.

se conjugue je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . donne je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . donne je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . Ces verbes servent à parler de capacité, de désir et de perception, et ils reviennent souvent dans les Constructions verbales, par exemple ou .

Present indicative of common irregular er verbs
SubjectInfinitiveConjugation
🎩je
venir
viens
🌟tu
venir
viens
📮il
venir
vient
🥁nous
venir
venons
🥧vous
venir
venez
🦉ils
venir
viennent
📚je
tenir
tiens
🪁tu
tenir
tiens
🤡il
tenir
tient
🥄nous
tenir
tenons
🤖vous
tenir
tenez
🫧ils
tenir
tiennent
🥄je
pouvoir
peux
🩰tu
pouvoir
peux
🦉il
pouvoir
peut
☁️nous
pouvoir
pouvons
🎹vous
pouvoir
pouvez
🐜ils
pouvoir
peuvent
🦄je
vouloir
veux
🚴tu
vouloir
veux
🐈il
vouloir
veut
🍬nous
vouloir
voulons
🪙vous
vouloir
voulez
🌵ils
vouloir
veulent
🪐je
voir
vois
⚽tu
voir
vois
👀il
voir
voit
🌠nous
voir
voyons
🛼vous
voir
voyez
🏖️ils
voir
voient

Irregular -ir verbs do not follow the same pattern as regular verbs of the second group. is conjugated I , you , he , we , you , they . follows the same pattern: I , you , he , we , you , they . gives I , you , he , we , you , they .

and behave like -er verbs in terms of forms, even though they end in : I , you , he , we , you , they ; I , you , he , we , you , they . These verbs are common in daily life. They are used to talk about departure, movement, sleep and concrete action, and their forms must be known before working on the present indicative with confidence.

Present indicative of useful irregular ir verbs
SubjectInfinitiveConjugation
🥪je
partir
pars
🕊️tu
partir
pars
🚆il
partir
part
🌙nous
partir
partons
🗺️vous
partir
partez
🐟ils
partir
partent
🎭je
sortir
sors
🐉tu
sortir
sors
🪟il
sortir
sort
🎉nous
sortir
sortons
🌿vous
sortir
sortez
🐝ils
sortir
sortent
🧸je
dormir
dors
🌸tu
dormir
dors
🐹il
dormir
dort
🏕️nous
dormir
dormons
📖vous
dormir
dormez
🐢ils
dormir
dorment
🧦je
offrir
offre
☕tu
offrir
offres
🤖il
offrir
offre
🌷nous
offrir
offrons
🐧vous
offrir
offrez
🧀ils
offrir
offrent
🔑je
ouvrir
ouvre
🎁tu
ouvrir
ouvres
🦀il
ouvrir
ouvre
🪟nous
ouvrir
ouvrons
🧭vous
ouvrir
ouvrez
🦪ils
ouvrir
ouvrent

Parmi les verbes en , plusieurs très fréquents sont irréguliers. se conjugue je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . Le même noyau apparaît dans et : j’, tu , il , nous , vous , ils ; je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils .

donne je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . donne je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . Ces verbes servent à exprimer l’action de prendre, d’apprendre, de comprendre, de placer et de fabriquer. est aussi essentiel dans de nombreuses expressions et dans des constructions verbales très courantes, ce qui en fait un verbe de base au même titre que , et .

Present indicative of very useful verbs
SubjectInfinitiveConjugation
🥗je
prendre
prends
🍪tu
prendre
prends
🐼il
prendre
prend
🚆nous
prendre
prenons
☂️vous
prendre
prenez
🌞ils
prendre
prennent
🧁je
mettre
mets
🎩tu
mettre
mets
🎼il
mettre
met
👟nous
mettre
mettons
🚕vous
mettre
mettez
🥣ils
mettre
mettent
⭐je
faire
fais
🪐tu
faire
fais
🐈il
faire
fait
🐉nous
faire
faisons
🖍️vous
faire
faites
🎤ils
faire
font
🐋je
apprendre
apprends
👞tu
apprendre
apprends
🎹il
apprendre
apprend
🐟nous
apprendre
apprenons
🍪vous
apprendre
apprenez
🐿️ils
apprendre
apprennent
☁️je
comprendre
comprends
🪑tu
comprendre
comprends
🍅il
comprendre
comprend
🏰nous
comprendre
comprenons
💨vous
comprendre
comprenez
🦒ils
comprendre
comprennent

Some verbs keep the same endings but change the stem according to the person. shows in the singular and with us and you: je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . follows the same logic with et : je , nous .

Other verbs change by the vowel of the stem. gives j’, tu , il , nous , vous , ils . gives je , tu , il , nous , vous , ils . follows the same pattern: j’, tu , il , nous , vous , ils . These changes appear mainly in the present indicative, but they often extend to other forms tied to the same stem, which helps recognize the verb before conjugating.

Variations of the stem by person
Idea
🚌The radical changes mainly at je, tu, il and ils to keep pronunciation.
🍓The radical stays stable at nous and vous in many irregular verbs.
🦆Some forms take a double consonant to signal the change.
👑The group of persons je, tu, il and ils often requires a shorter form.

The simple future and the conditional often use an irregular stem that stays the same in both tenses. donne : j’, tu , il , nous , vous , ils ; au conditionnel, j’, tu , il , nous , vous , ils . donne : j’ et . donne : je et . donne : je et .

On retrouve aussi dans : je , je ; dans : je , je ; dans : je , je ; dans : je , je . Le modèle reste le même : radical du futur ou du conditionnel + terminaisons du futur ou du conditionnel. Ces bases servent aussi dans des phrases avec valeur de projection, d’hypothèse ou de politesse, très utiles avec Conditionnel.

Irregular bases of the future and conditional
SubjectInfinitiveConjugation
🍞je
aller
irai
☂️nous
aller
irons
🤖je
avoir
aurai
🔔vous
avoir
aurez
🐈il
être
sera
🧭nous
être
serons
🏰tu
faire
feras
🦉ils
faire
feront
🥕je
venir
viendrai
🛴nous
venir
viendrons

The past participle of many common verbs does not follow a single pattern. donne , donne , donne , donne , donne , donne . donne , donne , donne , donne , donne , donne , donne , donne , donne , donne .

These forms are used in compound tenses with the auxiliaries of Verbes auxiliaires, especially with and . They are also necessary for Participe Passé and for the Accord du passé, because the form of the past participle determines the final spelling of the verb in many sentences.

The most frequent past participles
SubjectInfinitiveConjugation
🛁participe passé
avoir
eu
🎪participe passé
être
été
🤸participe passé
faire
fait
🎩participe passé
mettre
mis
☁️participe passé
prendre
pris
🐸participe passé
dire
dit
🎂participe passé
voir
vu
🧩participe passé
pouvoir
pu
🍬participe passé
vouloir
voulu
🛼participe passé
venir
venu

The infinitive is the non-conjugated form of the verb, the one you find in dictionaries. It is used after another verb, after a preposition, or in a nominal construction. The gerund is formed with , and it expresses an action that accompanies another action. Irregular verbs also appear in these forms, but without the subject endings.

In common periphrasis, expresses a near future: I am going to leave, we are going to eat. expresses a recent past: he has just arrived, they have just finished. indicates an obligation or a probability: you must leave, he must be there. expresses ability: we can go out. expresses desire: I want to sleep. is used in causatives: she has the car repaired. These constructions show how irregular forms enter complete sentences, with a conjugated verb followed by an infinitive.

Take the Quiz!

You can now conjugate many irregular verbs in the present, future, and conditional, choose their past participles, and use constructions such as aller + infinitive and pouvoir + infinitive. Keep building your range with Past Participles, then practice agreement in Past-Participial Agreement.

Complementary Modules

Suggested Modules: A2

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Last updated: Sun Sep 13, 2026, 4:20 AM