Politics and GovernmentB1
Vous allez bientôt comprendre les informations politiques, parler des élections et décrire les décisions publiques avec précision. Commencez par La politique en général, puis faites entrer ces mots dans vos conversations.
What translations are available?
What modules are related?
Complementary Modules
Politics in general
Politics concerns the organization of collective life. We speak of public affairs when a decision affects the whole society: taxes, transportation, school, health. La politique also designates the ideas and actions of people who want to lead the country or the municipality.
In everyday life, one also encounters le pouvoir, l’État and la démocratie. Le pouvoir belongs to those who make the decisions. L’État represents the country through its institutions. In a democracy, citizens choose their leaders. To understand the vocabulary related to institutions and administrations, see also Services publics.
Public institutions
L’État is the set of institutions that govern a country. Le gouvernement implements the country’s policy. Le Parlement discusses laws and votes them. Les ministères are the major services of the State, such as the Ministry of Education or Health.
At the local level, la mairie manages the municipality. La préfecture represents the State in a department. In conversation, people often say les institutions publiques to talk about these bodies acting on behalf of everyone. These words often appear when talking about Services publics.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| The set of institutions that organizes the collective life of a country. | ||
| The team that runs the country and makes the major decisions. | ||
| The assembly where one debates and where laws are voted on. | ||
| The public service in charge of a domain such as health or education. | ||
| The building where the mayor and his team work. | ||
| The State office in a department. | ||
| The set of public services that run the country. | ||
| A local authority that manages a city or a region. | ||
| A service useful to all such as schools or transport. |
A Textbook Cannot Hear You
Loco can. Say something and find out.
Political leaders
Le président heads the State in several Francophone countries. Le premier ministre coordinates the government’s actions. Un ministre heads a specific area, such as interior, finances or culture. Un député represents citizens in Parliament.
We also encounter un sénateur, un maire and un élu. Un élu is a person elected to hold a public office. When following the news, these titles often appear with the name of their function, for example la ministre de la Santé or le maire de la ville. The vocabulary of Services publics helps to understand their daily roles.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| The person who directs the State in a republic. | ||
| The person who coordinates the government on a daily basis. | ||
| The person in charge of a specific domain in the government. | ||
| The person elected to represent citizens in Parliament. | ||
| The person who sits in the Senate and examines laws. | ||
| The person elected to lead a municipality. | ||
| The person who helps make decisions in a community. | ||
| The person who leads a political party. |
Voting and elections
Voter means choosing a person or a proposal. Une élection is the moment when citizens vote. Une campagne électorale is the period when candidates present their ideas. Un scrutin designates the vote organized on a specific date.
We talk about majorité when one camp gets more votes than the others. Le suffrage universel means that all eligible citizens can participate. We also say les urnes, un bureau de vote and un bulletin de vote to talk about the concrete process of the election. The words candidate and candidat are used for the person who runs.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| Choose a person or a idea in an election. | ||
| A moment when citizens choose their representatives. | ||
| The period during which one seeks votes. | ||
| The official way of voting to elect someone. | ||
| The largest number of votes or seats. | ||
| The right to participate in the vote. | ||
| The paper you put in the ballot box. | ||
| The box where one drops a ballot. |
Parties and opposition
Un parti politique brings together people who defend the same ideas. La gauche and la droite are two major political families in many Francophone countries. Le centre often designates an intermediate position.
L’opposition groups parties or elected officials who do not support the government. Une coalition unites several parties to govern together or to obtain a majority. We say that a party s’allie with another when it agrees to work with it. In debates, we also talk about programme, ligne politique and camp. These words help to compare the positions of different parties.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| A group of people who defend the same ideas. | ||
| The camp that criticizes the power in place. | ||
| An alliance between several parties. | ||
| A political partner who supports an action. | ||
| The group with the most seats in Parliament. | ||
| A smaller group than the others. | ||
| The list of ideas and projects of a party. | ||
| A tendency of opinion within a party. |
Train Your Ear as Well
Hear the language at full speed, then answer it.
Powers and decisions
Gouverner means to govern a country, a region or a city. Décider is used when an authority chooses a measure. Proposer means to present an idea, a text or a reform for discussion. Voter une loi means to officially adopt it.
We often use clear structures like the government + decides + measure, the Parliament + votes + law, a minister + proposes + reform. Exercer le pouvoir means to exercise the authority given by a function. Prendre une décision and faire adopter une mesure frequently appear in political language.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| Direct a country and make public decisions. | ||
| Choose after reflection. | ||
| Present an idea to be discussed. | ||
| Officially approve a text in Parliament. | ||
| Direct an institution or a group. | ||
| Manage concretely a territory or a service. | ||
| Verify that everything is done correctly. | ||
| Share among several people or services. |
Laws and reforms
Une loi is a text voted on by Parliament. It sets a general rule. Un décret is a text issued by the executive power to apply a law or organize a service. Un amendement is a modification brought to a text under discussion.
A reform changes a system deeply, such as education, pensions or justice. We talk about modifier, abroger or appliquer a law depending on the action. In the press, a reform can be adopted, rejected or contested. These verbs are used to follow the evolution of a political text.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| An official rule voted by Parliament. | ||
| An official written decision of the executive power. | ||
| A modification made to a text. | ||
| A significant change in a public system. | ||
| A proposed text before it is voted on. | ||
| A written document examined by elected officials. | ||
| A part of a law or of a document. | ||
| The putting into practice of a law or reform. |
Debates and current events
Un discours is a public speech. Un programme gathers the ideas and measures proposed by a party or a candidate. Une promesse is a commitment made before voters. Une controverse is a lively debate around a decision or a statement.
We annonce a measure, we critique it when we judge it bad, we soutient it when we approve it, and we sanctionne a leader or a party when we want to punish them politically. In newspapers, these verbs often combine with le gouvernement, l’opposition, une réforme or une campagne. The vocabulary of political current events works with concrete facts and public reactions.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| A spoken text before an audience. | ||
| An ensemble of ideas announced by a candidate or party. | ||
| An engagement to do something. | ||
| A public dispute around an idea or decision. | ||
| To officially announce a piece of news. | ||
| To say what is wrong with an idea or action. | ||
| To agree with a person or idea. | ||
| To officially sanction a behavior or decision. |
Master Speaking Fluently
Loco talks back, and corrects you while you go.
Citizenship and participation
La citoyenneté designates the set of rights and duties of a person in society. Un citoyen participates in public life, votes and respects the common rules. La carte électorale is used to vote at the indicated polling station.
We speak of participation when residents take part in democratic life: voting, attending a meeting, signing a petition, debating. S’abstenir means not to vote. La vie démocratique also includes associations, local councils and public consultations. This vocabulary is often used with Services publics, because citizen steps often go through institutions.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| A person who belongs to a political society. | ||
| The act of taking part in a collective action. | ||
| A document that allows one to vote in an election. | ||
| A system where citizens choose their leaders. | ||
| An officially expressed choice. | ||
| A group of people gathered to discuss. | ||
| A term during which an elected person serves. | ||
| The fact of not voting. |
Variations by country
Political words change sometimes depending on the country. Président can designate the head of state, but its powers are not the same everywhere. In some countries, premier ministre is the head of government. In others, this function does not exist.
Député designates a member of Parliament in several countries, but the organization of Parliament varies. Ministre, maire and gouverneur do not always correspond to the same responsibilities from one country to another. To speak clearly, one must keep the exact title of the country concerned and observe its political system. The press and the Services publics often use these titles with a very precise meaning depending on the context.
| Region | Variant | Definition | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| président | The word président designates the head of state in common French usage. | En France, le président parle depuis l Élysée.In France, the president speaks from the Élysée. | ||
| premier ministre | The word premier ministre designates the head of government in Canadian usage. | Au Canada, le premier ministre répond aux questions.In Canada, the prime minister answers questions. | ||
| député | The word député designates an elected official who sits in a legislative assembly. | En Belgique, le député défend une idée locale.In Belgium, the deputy defends a local idea. | ||
| conseiller fédéral | The word conseiller fédéral designates a member of the Swiss government. | En Suisse, le conseiller fédéral visite une ferme.In Switzerland, the federal councillor visits a farm. |
Take the Quiz!
Vous pouvez maintenant suivre un débat, parler d’une élection et expliquer le rôle des institutions avec davantage d’assurance. Pour prolonger votre parcours, explorez Pouvoir, puis découvrez le vocabulaire concret des Services publics.
Complementary Modules