Pretérito vs ImperfectoA2
Vas a poder contar historias con precisión: sabrás cuándo presentar un hecho como terminado y cuándo dejarlo como contexto, hábito o acción en curso. Empieza por distinguir las dos perspectivas del pasado en la primera unidad.
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Two pasts, one choice
Spanish uses two tenses to talk about the past because not all past events are viewed the same. The Pretérito presents a fact as closed, and the Imperfecto presents a context, a habit, or an action in progress. The decision depends not only on the verb or the translation into English, but on the speaker’s perspective about the past. If you see the fact as complete, you choose pretérito. If you see it as scenery, repetition, or duration, you choose imperfecto. That choice appears throughout the system of Tiempos verbales.
Pretérito: closed action
The preterite is used for a finished action that advances the story: llegó, compré, salimos, terminó. The speaker presents the fact as something complete, with a beginning and end within the past. It is used to tell concrete events: Ayer llegó Ana, A las ocho empezamos, En 2019 viajé a Perú. It also works when several events succeed one another: Entré, saludé y me senté. Each verb marks a step in the narration.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| Use the imperfect to paint the background of a past situation. | ||
| Use the imperfect for an action in progress with no clear end. | ||
| Use the imperfect to provide environment information before the main action. | ||
| Use the imperfect for a durable state in the past. |
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Imperfect: background and description
The imperfect is used when the past is not presented as a closed block, but as a setting, description, or ongoing action: era, tenía, llovía, estudiaba. With this tense you paint the atmosphere of a scene: La calle estaba vacía, El niño dormía, Hacía frío. It also expresses an action that was continuing while another interrupted it: Leía cuando sonó el teléfono. The imperfect does not advance the main story; it surrounds it and explains it. For its form and general use, it is worth reviewing it together with Imperfecto.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| Use the preterite when the event is unique and happens suddenly. | ||
| Use the preterite to chain actions one after another. | ||
| Use the preterite for the action that interrupts a situation in progress. | ||
| Use the preterite when the action leaves a clear result. |
Events that advance the story
When a fact changes what happens next, it is usually in pretérito. Llegó el jefe y todos callaron presents two closed actions, and the second pushes the narration forward. It is also used with entries, exits, discoveries and decisions: Encontré las llaves, Abrió la puerta, Decidimos irnos. In a story, these verbs usually mark turning points. If you can answer the question ¿qué pasó después?, the form is usually pretérito.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| Use the imperfect for actions repeated in the past. | ||
| Use the imperfect for habits of the old life. | ||
| Use the imperfect when something happened many times without counting each one. | ||
| Use the imperfect for a past habit the speaker remembers with a personal tone. |
Past routines and habits
The imperfect expresses repeated actions in the past: iba al colegio en autobús, jugábamos en la plaza, todos los veranos visitaba a mis abuelos. It does not describe a single day, but a habit or pattern. It is also used for habits that have already ended, even if they do not recur now. Frequency words usually accompany it: siempre, a menudo, muchas veces, cada noche. When the focus is on repetition, not on a concrete action, the natural tense is the imperfect.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| Use the imperfect to say the age of someone in the past. | ||
| Use the imperfect to indicate the time in a past scene. | ||
| Use the imperfect to describe the weather of the past. | ||
| Use the imperfect to express a continuous state in the past. |
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Age, time, and weather
The imperfect appears in background descriptions that do not recount an event, but a state in the past. It is used to say the age: tenía diez años. It is used for the time: eran las seis. It is used for the weather: hacía calor, llovía, nevaba. It also expresses physical or emotional states as part of the context: estaba cansado, tenía miedo, se sentía nerviosa. In these phrases no punctual change is presented, but an existing condition at that past moment.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| Use the preterite for the main fact and the imperfect for the background that accompanies it. | ||
| Use the imperfect for an action in progress and the preterite for what interrupts it. | ||
| Use the imperfect for the scene and the preterite for the unexpected event. | ||
| Use the imperfect for context and the preterite for the reaction that marks the change. | ||
| Usa el imperfecto para el fondo temporal que sitúa la escena. |
Same sentence, two tenses
In a single sentence, the pretérito usually marks the main event and the imperfecto the background. Caminaba por la calle cuando vi a Laura shows a continuous action interrupted by a closed event. Estábamos cenando cuando llamó mi madre works the same: the dinner was in progress and the call breaks in. The imperfecto paints what was already happening; the pretérito signals the event that cuts or changes the scene. This combination is one of the most natural ways to narrate in the past.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| Usa el pretérito para el hecho principal y el imperfecto para el trasfondo que lo acompaña. | ||
| Usa el imperfecto para una acción en marcha y el pretérito para lo que la interrumpe. | ||
| Usa el imperfecto para la escena y el pretérito para el evento inesperado. | ||
| Usa el imperfecto para el contexto y el pretérito para la reacción que marca el cambio. |
Fixed expressions of the past
Some expressions push very often toward a concrete time. With pretérito appear markers like ayer, anoche, el otro día, la semana pasada, en 2020, because they situate a complete fact. With imperfecto they are common antes, cuando era niño, de pequeño, siempre, a menudo, because they present habit or description. There are also very typical collocations: solía + infinitivo expresses past habit, and acababa de + infinitivo usually appears together with a closed action to indicate that something occurred very shortly before. These expressions help you choose the appropriate tense in Pretérito and Imperfecto, and are useful for constructing tenses like Perfecto, Pluscuamperfecto and Pasado Progresivo.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| Significa en un instante y suele presentar un cambio brusco en la narración. | ||
| Significa con frecuencia y suele acompañar hábitos o repeticiones. | ||
| Significa al mismo tiempo que y suele unir dos acciones simultáneas. | ||
| Significa en ese momento y ayuda a marcar el avance de la historia. | ||
| Significa en todas las ocasiones y suele expresar costumbre. | ||
| Significa aún y suele señalar continuidad en el pasado. | ||
| Significa en ese momento previo y marca que algo estaba completado o cambiado. | ||
| Significa en cierta ocasión y suele introducir un episodio del pasado. | ||
| Significa cada día y expresa rutina o hábito. | ||
| Significa cuando eras pequeño y suele introducir recuerdos habituales. |
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Ahora puedes elegir entre pretérito e imperfecto según la perspectiva que quieras dar, combinar ambos al narrar y reconocer sus expresiones habituales. Da el siguiente paso con Perfecto o amplía tu dominio del pasado con Pluscuamperfecto.
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