Pretérito
Pretérito es un módulo de español que cubre los tiempos pasados simples. Aprende cómo conjugar verbos en pretérito y usa estos tiempos en contextos cotidianos.
Valor temporal
El pretérito perfecto simple expresa acciones terminadas en un pasado concreto. Se usa cuando el marco temporal está cerrado y la acción se considera completa. En español peninsular, contrasta con el pretérito perfecto compuesto, que suele conectar con el presente. En muchos contextos, el pretérito se asocia a relatos, narración y secuencia de hechos cerrados.
The simple past (preterite) expresses actions completed in a definite past. It is used when the time frame is closed and the action is considered complete. In Peninsular Spanish, it contrasts with the present perfect, which usually connects to the present. In many contexts, the preterite is associated with storytelling, narration, and a sequence of closed events.
Regla | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
Se usa para una acción terminada en un pasado concreto. | Used for an action completed in a definite past. | Yesterday I arrived early. ⏰ | |
Se usa para una secuencia de hechos completados. | Used for a sequence of completed events. | I opened the door and I entered. 🚪 | |
Se usa con marcadores que cierran el tiempo. | Used with time-markers that close the time frame. | On Monday I ate pizza. 🍕 |
Marcadores
Ciertos expresiones de tiempo favorecen el pretérito porque sitúan la acción en un periodo terminado. Estas expresiones suelen aparecer con narración de hechos y con resúmenes de lo ocurrido en un día, una fecha o un intervalo cerrado. Reconocer estos marcadores ayuda a elegir el pretérito de forma natural.
Certain time expressions favor the preterite because they place the action within a finished period. These expressions typically appear with narration of events and with summaries of what happened on a day, a date, or a closed interval. Recognizing these markers helps to choose the preterite naturally.
Word/Phrase | 🇬🇧 English Word/Phrase | Definition | 🇬🇧 English Definition | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ayer | yesterday | Esta expresión sitúa la acción en el día anterior como periodo cerrado. | This expression places the action in the previous day as a closed period. | Yesterday I watched a movie. 🎬 | |
anoche | last night | Esta expresión sitúa la acción en la noche pasada como tiempo terminado. | This expression places the action in the previous night as finished time. | Last night I studied a lot. 📚 | |
el lunes | Monday | Esta expresión identifica un día concreto del pasado como marco cerrado. | This expression identifies a specific day of the past as a closed time frame. | On Monday I called my friend. 📱 | |
la semana pasada | last week | Esta expresión cierra el marco temporal a una semana ya terminada. | This expression closes the time frame to a week already finished. | Last week I worked from home. 🏡 | |
hace + cantidad | ago + amount | Esta expresión cuenta un intervalo terminado desde el presente. | This expression counts an interval finished from the present. | Two days ago I went out with Marta. 🧑🤝🧑 |
Formación -ar
Los verbos regulares en -ar forman el pretérito con terminaciones fijas. La primera y la tercera persona singular coinciden en la pronunciación con tilde en la tercera. La primera persona singular termina en -é y la tercera en -ó. La segunda persona singular termina en -aste.
Regular -ar verbs form the preterite with fixed endings. The first- and third-person singular endings are pronounced with an accent on the vowel. The first-person singular ends in -é and the third in -ó. The second-person singular ends in -aste.
Subject | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Form | 🇬🇧 English Form | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yo | I | hablé | spoke | Yesterday I spoke with my mother. 🗣️ | |
tú | you | hablaste | spoke | Yesterday you spoke with your mother. 🗣️ | |
él/ella/usted | he/she/you (formal) | habló | spoke | Yesterday he spoke with his mother. 🗣️ | |
nosotros/nosotras | we | hablamos | spoke | Yesterday we spoke with our mother. 🗣️ | |
vosotros/vosotras | you all | hablasteis | spoke | Yesterday you all spoke with your mother. 🗣️ | |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | they/you all | hablaron | spoke | Yesterday they spoke with their mother. 🗣️ |
Formación -er
Los verbos regulares en -er usan terminaciones propias del pretérito. La primera persona singular termina en -í y la tercera en -ió. La segunda persona singular termina en -iste. Estas terminaciones también aparecen en muchos verbos con cambios ortográficos.
Regular -er verbs use the standard preterite endings. The first-person singular ends in -í and the third in -ió. The second-person singular ends in -iste. These endings also appear in many verbs with orthographic changes.
Subject | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Form | 🇬🇧 English Form | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yo | I | comí | ate | Last night I ate at home. 🍽️ | |
tú | you | comiste | ate | Last night you ate at home. 🍽️ | |
él/ella/usted | he/she/you (formal) | comió | ate | Last night he/she/you (formal) ate at home. 🍽️ | |
nosotros/nosotras | we | comimos | ate | Last night we ate at home. 🍽️ | |
vosotros/vosotras | you all | comisteis | ate | Last night you all ate at home. 🍽️ | |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | they/you all | comieron | ate | Last night they ate at home. 🍽️ |
Formación -ir
Los verbos regulares en -ir comparten terminaciones con -er en pretérito. La primera persona singular termina en -í y la tercera en -ió. La segunda persona plural termina en -isteis. La forma de nosotros es -imos.
Regular -ir verbs share endings with -er in the preterite. The first-person singular ends in -í and the third in -ió. The second-person plural ends in -isteis. The nosotros form is -imos.
Subject | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Form | 🇬🇧 English Form | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yo | I | viví | lived | 🇲🇽El año pasado viví en México. | Last year I lived in Mexico. 🇲🇽 |
tú | you | viviste | lived | 🇲🇽El año pasado viviste en México. | Last year you lived in Mexico. 🇲🇽 |
él/ella/usted | he/she/you (formal) | vivió | lived | 🇲🇽El año pasado vivió en México. | Last year he/ she/ you (formal) lived in Mexico. 🇲🇽 |
nosotros/nosotras | we | vivimos | lived | 🇲🇽El año pasado vivimos en México. | Last year we lived in Mexico. 🇲🇽 |
vosotros/vosotras | you all | vivisteis | lived | 🇲🇽El año pasado vivisteis en México. | Last year you all lived in Mexico. 🇲🇽 |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | they/you all | vivieron | lived | 🇲🇽El año pasado vivieron en México. | Last year they lived in Mexico. 🇲🇽 |
Irregulares clave
Algunos verbos frecuentes tienen raíces irregulares y terminaciones propias en pretérito. Estas formas no llevan tilde en la tercera persona singular cuando la terminación es -o. Memorizar los patrones de “tener”, “estar”, “poder” y “poner” facilita la comunicación básica en pasado.
Some common verbs have irregular stems and endings in the preterite. These forms do not carry an accent on the third-person singular when the ending is -o. Memorizing the patterns for tener, estar, poder, and poner helps with basic past-tense communication.
Subject | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Form | 🇬🇧 English Form | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yo | I | tuve | had | Yesterday I had a meeting. 📆 | |
tú | you | estuviste | were | Yesterday you were tired. 😴 | |
él/ella/usted | he/she/you (formal) | pudo | could | Yesterday he was able to finish. ✅ | |
nosotros/nosotras | we | pusimos | put | Yesterday we put the table. 🍽️ | |
vosotros/vosotras | you all | tuvisteis | had | Yesterday you all had class. 🏫 | |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | they/you all | estuvieron | were | Yesterday they were here. 📍 |
Ser e ir
“Ser” e “ir” comparten las mismas formas en pretérito. El contexto determina si el significado es “fui” como “yo fui” de ser o de ir. Estas formas son muy frecuentes en narración y en explicaciones sobre experiencias pasadas.
Be and Go share the same forms in the preterite. The context determines whether the meaning is “I was” as be or “I went” as go. These forms are very common in narration and in explanations about past experiences.
Subject | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Form | 🇬🇧 English Form | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
yo | I | fui | went | Yesterday I went to the doctor. 🏥 | |
tú | you | fuiste | went | Yesterday you went to the doctor. 🏥 | |
él/ella/usted | he/she/you (formal) | fue | went | Yesterday he went to the doctor. 🏥 | |
nosotros/nosotras | we | fuimos | went | Yesterday we went to the doctor. 🏥 | |
vosotros/vosotras | you all | fuisteis | went | Yesterday you all went to the doctor. 🏥 | |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | they/you all | fueron | went | Yesterday they went to the doctor. 🏥 |
Cambios ortográficos
Algunos verbos cambian la ortografía en pretérito para mantener el sonido o cumplir reglas de escritura. En “-car”, la primera persona singular cambia a “-qué”. En “-gar”, la primera persona singular cambia a “-gué”. En “-zar”, la primera persona singular cambia a “-cé”.
Some verbs change spelling in preterite to maintain sound or follow spelling rules. For -car, the first-person singular changes to -qué in the preterite. For -gar, the first-person singular changes to -gué in the preterite. For -zar, the first-person singular changes to -cé in the preterite.
Regla | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
En verbos en -car, yo pasa a -qué en pretérito. | In -car verbs, the first-person singular changes to -qué in the preterite. | Yesterday I looked for information. 🔍 | |
En verbos en -gar, yo pasa a -gué en pretérito. | In -gar verbs, the first-person singular changes to -gué in the preterite. | Yesterday I arrived late. 🕗 | |
En verbos en -zar, yo pasa a -cé en pretérito. | In -zar verbs, the first-person singular changes to -cé in the preterite. | Yesterday I started early. 🌅 |
Cambio vocálico
Algunos verbos en -ir presentan cambio vocálico en tercera persona singular y plural del pretérito. Los patrones más comunes son e→i y o→u. Estos cambios no aparecen en nosotros ni en vosotros en pretérito. Son frecuentes en verbos como “pedir”, “servir” y “dormir”.
Some -ir verbs show a vowel change in the third person singular and plural of the preterite. The most common patterns are e→i and o→u. These changes do not appear in nosotros or vosotros in the preterite. They are common in verbs like pedir, servir, and dormir.
Subject | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Form | 🇬🇧 English Form | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
él/ella/usted | él/ella/usted | pidió | pidió | Yesterday he/ she/ you (formal) asked for help. 🙋 | |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | ellos/ellas/ustedes | pidieron | pidieron | Yesterday they asked for help. 🙋 | |
él/ella/usted | él/ella/usted | durmió | durmió | Last night he slept well. 😌 | |
ellos/ellas/ustedes | ellos/ellas/ustedes | durmieron | durmieron | Last night they slept well. 😌 |
Narración
El pretérito se usa para contar una serie de hechos terminados en orden temporal. Cada verbo en pretérito avanza la historia y marca cierre de cada acción. Este uso es típico en relatos breves, anécdotas y resúmenes de un día. La selección del pretérito crea una línea temporal cerrada en el discurso.
The preterite is used to tell a series of finished events in temporal order. Each verb in the preterite advances the story and marks the closure of each action. This use is typical in short narratives, anecdotes, and summaries of a day. The choice of the preterite creates a closed timeline in discourse.
Regla | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
En narración, cada pretérito indica un hecho terminado que avanza la historia. | In narration, each preterite indicates a finished event that advances the story. | I got up, had breakfast, and left the house. 🚶♂️ | |
El pretérito resume lo ocurrido en un marco temporal cerrado. | The preterite summarizes what happened within a closed time frame. | On Saturday night I had dinner with friends. 🍽️ |
Contraste
El pretérito perfecto simple contrasta con el imperfecto en cómo se presenta la acción. El pretérito suele indicar un evento completo con inicio y fin, y el imperfecto suele describir contexto, hábitos o acciones en desarrollo. En un mismo relato, se combinan para diferenciar hechos cerrados y fondo descriptivo. El contraste no depende solo del verbo, sino de la perspectiva del hablante.
The simple past contrasts with the imperfect in how the action is presented. The simple past usually indicates a completed event with start and end, and the imperfect usually describes context, habits, or ongoing actions. In a single narrative, they are combined to differentiate closed events and descriptive background. The contrast doesn’t depend only on the verb, but on the speaker's perspective.
Regla | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
El pretérito marca un evento terminado; el imperfecto marca contexto. | The preterite marks a finished event; the imperfect marks context. | Yesterday it rained when I was arriving home. 🌧️ | |
El pretérito cuenta “qué pasó”; el imperfecto describe “cómo era” o “qué ocurría”. | The preterite tells what happened; the imperfect describes how it was or what was happening. | As a child I lived there, but one day I moved. 🏠 |