PreteriteA2
Vas a poder contar lo que ocurrió, ordenar una historia y señalar cambios ya terminados con seguridad. Empieza por distinguir el hecho cerrado del fondo del relato y avanza hacia tus primeras frases con pretérito.
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What the preterite expresses
The preterite presents a past action as finished and closed. The action is viewed from the outside, as a complete event, not as an ongoing process. That is why it appears in narratives, news, and memories when the speaker wants to mark that something happened and is now finished. In contrast to Imperfect, the preterite does not describe background, habit, or open duration.
When to use it yesterday
It is used with moments of the past that are well delimited: ayer, anoche, la semana pasada, el lunes, en 2019, a las ocho. It also appears with unique, completed events that the speaker situates at a specific point in time: Llegué tarde, Viajamos en marzo, Firmaron el contrato. When the sentence signals a clear temporal closure, the preterite fits naturally.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| It is used to tell events one after another and move the narration forward. | ||
| It is used when several past actions form a complete chain. | ||
| It is used to give rhythm to a narrative with closed and concrete actions. |
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Past actions in a sequence
When a story advances with several events one after another, the preterite marks each step. First one thing happened, then another, and then one more. Entré en casa, dejé las llaves y llamé a mi madre presents a complete sequence. Each verb pushes the narration forward. This use is very common in tales, anecdotes, and news, where each action stands as a finished block.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| It is used for a change already completed and not for an ongoing process. | ||
| It is used for an event that has already ended. | ||
| It is used when the complete result of the past action matters. |
Changes and completed events
The preterite also expresses a complete change of state. Se rompió la ventana, Me enamoré, La ciudad creció present the final result of a change, not its process. It also serves for finished events: a wedding, an accident, a visit, a decision. If the focus is on something that happened and ended, not on how it was developing, this tense is used. For ongoing development, one uses Past Progressive.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| Se usa para un cambio ya completado y no para un proceso en curso. | ||
| Se usa para un acontecimiento que ya terminó. | ||
| Se usa cuando importa el resultado completo de la acción pasada. |
Regular verbs in -ar
Verbs in -ar form the preterite with the verb root + -é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron. Thus, hablar yields hablé, hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablasteis, hablaron. The root stays the same and only the endings change. Trabajé, compraste and estudiaron follow the same pattern.
| Subject | Infinitive | Conjugation |
|---|---|---|
| vosotros | hablar | |
| nosotros | hablar | |
| ellos | hablar | |
| él | hablar | |
| tú | hablar | |
| yo | hablar |
| Subject | Infinitive | Conjugation | |
|---|---|---|---|
hablar | hablé | ||
hablar | hablaste | ||
hablar | habló | ||
hablar | hablamos | ||
hablar | hablasteis | ||
hablar | hablaron |
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Regular verbs in -er/-ir
Verbs in -er and -ir share the same endings: root + -í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron. Therefore comer yields comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comisteis, comieron, and vivir yields viví, viviste, vivió, vivimos, vivisteis, vivieron. In -er and -ir the nosotros and vosotros forms use the same shapes as in -ar only in sound, but not in written ending.
| Verb | Subject | Infinitive | Conjugation |
|---|---|---|---|
| vosotros | comer | ||
| nosotros | comer | ||
| tú | comer | ||
| yo | vivir | ||
| ellos | vivir | ||
| vosotros | vivir | ||
| tú | vivir | ||
| yo | comer | ||
| ellos | comer | ||
| nosotros | vivir | ||
| él | comer | ||
| él | vivir |
| Subject | Infinitive | Conjugation | |
|---|---|---|---|
comer | comí | ||
comer | comiste | ||
comer | comió | ||
comer | comimos | ||
comer | comisteis | ||
comer | comieron | ||
vivir | viví | ||
vivir | viviste | ||
vivir | vivió | ||
vivir | vivimos | ||
vivir | vivisteis | ||
vivir | vivieron |
Preterite of ser and ir
Ser and ir have exactly the same conjugation in the preterite: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron. The form is recognized by the context. Fui al mercado usually means to go; Fui profesor means to be. In this tense the normal roots s- or i- do not appear; instead the irregular group fu- appears in almost the entire conjugation.
| Verb | Subject | Infinitive | Conjugation |
|---|---|---|---|
| vosotros | ir | ||
| nosotros | ser | ||
| yo | ir | ||
| él | ser | ||
| tú | ser | ||
| vosotros | ser | ||
| ellos | ir | ||
| tú | ir | ||
| ellos | ser | ||
| él | ir | ||
| nosotros | ir | ||
| yo | ser |
| Subject | Infinitive | Conjugation | |
|---|---|---|---|
ser | fui | ||
ser | fuiste | ||
ser | fue | ||
ser | fuimos | ||
ser | fuisteis | ||
ser | fueron | ||
ir | fui | ||
ir | fuiste | ||
ir | fue | ||
ir | fuimos | ||
ir | fuisteis | ||
ir | fueron |
Common strong irregulars
Some very frequent verbs change stem and use their own forms throughout the preterite. Tener yields tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron. Estar yields estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron. Poder yields pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron. Also common are hacer → hice, venir → vine, querer → quise, poner → puse. The irregularity is in the root, not in the endings of the group.
| Idea | |
|---|---|
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Irregulars in -j-
A group of verbs forms the preterite with a -j- in the root to keep the correct sound in the third person plural. Decir yields dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron. Traer yields traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron. Conducir yields conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujisteis, condujeron. In this group, the -j- appears mainly in the yo and ellos/ellas/ustedes forms.
| Idea | |
|---|---|
Preterite and imperfect
The preterite presents closed events; the Imperfect presents habitual actions, descriptions, and backdrops of the past. Ayer llovió denotes a finished fact. Cuando era niño, llovía mucho describes a repeated situation or background. Caminé hasta la plaza advances the story with a complete action. Caminaba por la plaza shows a scene in development. The verb form changes depending on the role the action plays within the narrative.
| Idea | |
|---|---|
Final spelling changes
Some verbs change spelling to preserve the root sound before the endings -e and -i. Verbs ending in -car change c to qu in the first person: buscar → busqué. Verbs ending in -gar change g to gu: llegar → llegué. Verbs ending in -zar change z to c: empezar → empecé. The change appears only in yo; the rest of the forms follow the regular conjugation.
| Idea | |
|---|---|
Regional use of the past
In many regions, especially in Spain, the recent past is often expressed with the Perfect: Hoy he comido, Esta semana he trabajado. In much of the Americas, the preterite is also very common in that context: Hoy comí, Esta semana trabajé. The choice depends on regional variety and the temporal closeness the speaker wants to mark. When the period remains open, such as hoy, esta mañana or esta semana, both forms may appear depending on the area.
| Region | Variant | Definition | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pretérito perfecto compuesto | It is used a lot to talk about a past very close to the present. | Hoy he visto un perro con gafas de sol.Today I have seen a dog with sunglasses. | ||
| pretérito perfecto compuesto | It is used less in many areas and tends to sound more marked or formal. | Hoy he comido en una taquería espacial.Today I have eaten in a space taqueria. | ||
| pretérito perfecto compuesto | In everyday speech the simple past is usually preferred for actions already closed. | Hoy vi una película de pingüinos bailarines.Today I saw a movie of dancing penguins. |
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