体标记：了 / 过 / 着
本模块讲解中文中的体与时，特别是过去式（-了）与进行时（着）的用法。学习如何正确表达过去的动作及其持续状态。
体和时
中文通过体和时间表达人和事的时间关系。体关注动作是否完成或正在进行，时通常通过时间词明确。掌握体的标记是表达清晰时间线的基础。
Mandarin expresses the temporal relationships between people and things through aspect and time. The aspect focuses on whether an action is completed or ongoing, and time is usually clarified through time words. Mastery of aspect markers is the foundation for expressing a clear timeline.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
中文常用体来表达完成和进行。 | Common Chinese aspects are used to express completion and ongoing actions. |  他在吃饭。 | He is eating. 🍚 |
时间多用时间词表达，体辅助说明状态。 | Time words are often used to express time, with the aspect helping to indicate the state. |  昨天他在吃饭。 | Yesterday he was eating. 🕒 |
完成体
完成体表示动作已经完成或一个事件已经发生。中文常用“了”标记完成体，尤其是在动词后或句末。
The completed aspect indicates that an action has already been completed or an event has occurred. In Chinese, the particle 'le' is commonly used to mark the completed aspect, especially after the verb or at the end of the sentence.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
“了”在动词后标记动作完成。 | 'le' after a verb marks completion of the action. |  我吃了饭。 | I ate a meal. 🍽️ |
“了”在句末常标记事件的实现。 | 'Le' at the end of a sentence often marks the realization of an event. |  她回来了。 | She has returned. 🏠 |
进行体
进行体表示动作正在进行。中文常用“着”标记进行体，强调状态的持续。
The progressive aspect indicates an action is in progress. In Chinese, the particle '着' is commonly used to mark the progressive aspect, emphasizing the ongoing state.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
“着”放在动词后表示正在进行。 | '着' placed after the verb indicates ongoing action. |  他笑着说话。 | He was speaking with a smile. 😀 |
“着”突出动作的持续状态而非完成。 | '着' emphasizes the ongoing state rather than completion. |  门开着。 | The door is open. 🚪 |
时间词
时间词如“昨天”、“现在”指明动作发生的时间。在中文中，时间词常放在句首或主语前后。正确搭配体可以明确事件的时间和状态。
Time words such as 'yesterday' and 'now' indicate when an action occurs. In Chinese, time words are often placed at the beginning of the sentence or before/after the subject. Correct pairing with the aspect can clarify the time and state of the event.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
时间词指定位点，配合体表达完整时间线。 | Time words indicate the point in time, paired with the aspect to express a complete timeline. |  昨天我去了学校。 | Yesterday I went to school. 🏫 |
时间词常放在句首。 | Time words are often placed at the beginning of the sentence. |  现在他在学习。 | Now he is studying. 📖 |
-了的位置
“了”可以出现在动词后，表示动作完成；也可以出现在句末，常表示情况的变化或事件的完成。两个“了”同句时，前“了”表动作完成，后“了”表结果成立。
'Le' can appear after a verb to indicate completion; it can also appear at the end of a sentence, often indicating a change in situation or the completion of an event. When two 'le's appear in the same sentence, the first marks completion of the action, and the second marks that the result has been realized.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
动词后“了”标动作完成。 | 'Le' after a verb marks completion of the action. |  我吃了早饭。 | I ate breakfast. 🍜 |
句末“了”标结果或变化。 | Ending sentence 'le' marks the result or change. |  天黑了。 | It got dark. 🌙 |
同句两“了”前后各自标记。 | In a sentence with two 'le's, the first marks action completion and the second marks the resulting state. |  他吃完饭了。 | He finished his meal. 🥣 |
-着的用法
“着”常与表示状态或方式的动词搭配，描述背景或伴随状态。“着”不强调动作的起点或终点，只强调持续。
'着' is often paired with verbs that express a state or manner, describing background or accompanying state. It does not stress the starting or ending point of an action, only the ongoing state.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
“着”描述持续的状态。 | '着' describes a sustained state. |  老师站着说话。 | The teacher is standing and speaking. 👩🏫 |
“着”可表示伴随方式。 | '着' can indicate an accompanying manner. |  她听着音乐写作业。 | She is doing homework while listening to music. 🎧 |
进行表达
表示正在进行可以用“在+动词”和“正+动词”。“着”侧重状态持续，“在”侧重动作正在发生。口语中“在+动词”非常常见。
Expressing ongoing actions can use '在+verb' and '正+verb'. '着' emphasizes the ongoing state, while '在' emphasizes the action happening. In spoken language, '在+verb' is very common.
词语或短语 | 🇬🇧 English Word or Phrase | 定义 | 🇬🇧 English Definition | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
在+动词 | 在+ verb | 这一结构表示动作正在发生。 | This structure indicates the action is in progress. |  我在看书。 | I am reading. 📚 |
正+动词 | 正+ verb | 这一结构突出动作此刻正在进行。 | This structure emphasizes the action is currently in progress. |  他正写信。 | He is writing a letter. ✍️ |
动词+着 | Verb + 着 | 这一结构表示状态持续。 | This structure indicates a continuing state. |  窗户开着。 | The window is open. 🪟 |
完成与经历
“了”表示完成，不一定表示有经验。表达经历常用“过”，表示某事有过一次或多次。两者区分有助于准确表达“做完了”和“做过”。
'Le' indicates completion, not necessarily experience. To express experience, '过' is often used, indicating that something has happened once or multiple times. Distinguishing the two helps to accurately express 'have finished' and 'have done'.
词语或短语 | 🇬🇧 English Word or Phrase | 定义 | 🇬🇧 English Definition | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
动词+了 | Verb + le | 这一结构表示动作已经完成。 | This structure indicates the action has been completed. |  我看了那部电影。 | I watched that movie. 🎥 |
动词+过 | Verb + guò | 这一结构表示有相关经验。 | This structure indicates related experience. |  我看过那部电影。 | I have seen that movie. 🎞️ |
状态和变化
“了”在句末常标记变化，表示一种新情况成立。“着”通常不表示变化，而是维持一个状态。区分这两种用法有助于避免混淆。
'Le' at the end of a sentence often marks a change, indicating a new situation has come into being. '着' usually does not indicate change, but maintains a state. Distinguishing these two usages helps avoid confusion.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
句末“了”常表示情况变化。 | Ending sentence 'le' often indicates a change in situation. |  他好了。 | He's better now. 💪 |
“着”维持状态，不表示变化。 | '着' maintains a state, does not indicate change. |  灯还亮着。 | The light is still on. 💡 |
常见搭配
某些动词常与“着”或“了”搭配形成自然表达。记住高频搭配有助于流畅表达时间和状态。
Some verbs are commonly combined with '着' or '了' to form natural expressions. Remembering high-frequency collocations helps to express time and state smoothly.
词语或短语 | 🇬🇧 English Word or Phrase | 定义 | 🇬🇧 English Definition | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
穿着 | 穿着 | 这一表达描述持续的穿戴状态。 | This expression describes a continuing wearing state. |  他穿着一件蓝色的衬衫。 | He is wearing a blue shirt. 👔 |
拿着 | 拿着 | 这一表达描述手中持续持有。 | This expression describes holding something continuously. |  她拿着手机。 | She is holding a phone. 📱 |
关了 | 关了 | 这一表达表示动作已经完成。 | This expression indicates the action has been completed. | 我关了门。 | I closed the door. 🚪 |
坐着 | 坐着 | 这一表达描述持续的坐姿。 | This expression describes a continuous sitting posture. |  他们坐着聊天。 | They are sitting and chatting. 🛋️ |