Aspect particles are function words that express the state or result of an action, without changing the basic meaning of the verb. They frequently appear after verbs or adjectives, helping to clarify aspect such as completion, ongoingness, or result. Common Chinese aspect particles include '了','着','过', which serve a grammatical role within the clause. Aspect particles do not form standalone sentences; they must attach to the predicate phrase.

'Le' as a particle indicates that an action or change has been completed, emphasizing the result or a new situation. 'Le' is usually placed after the verb, forming the structure 'verb + le'. It is not the same as the sentence-final 'le', which often marks mood or a new development. The 'verb + le' pattern emphasizes the result and is often paired with a specific sense of completion.

Generally, the particle 'Le' comes after the verb, immediately following the marked action. When there is an object, it often forms the structure 'verb + le + object'. When there is a complement, it commonly appears as 'verb + le + complement', indicating the result or degree. In a sentence, the 'Le' as an aspect particle does not substitute the sentence-final 'Le'.

'Le' commonly pairs with result complements to express the concrete result brought by the action. The structure is 'verb + le + result complement', emphasizing change or completed state. Result complements can be '好','完','到', etc., specifying the result of the action. This structure typically indicates that the matter is settled.

'Guo' as an aspect particle expresses that one has had a certain experience in the past, not emphasizing ongoing or recently completed action. 'Verb + guo' highlights the experience of having done it. It is commonly combined with time or frequency expressions to indicate the scope of the experience. 'Guo' does not carry a sense of completion; it emphasizes 'ever'.

'Verb + guo' can take an object, indicating experience with something. The negation is typically formed with 'mei' or 'mei you' before 'verb + guo' to indicate no experience. In questions, one usually says 'verb + guo + mei you' or 'verb + guo + ma' to ask. This construction typically does not pair with obvious one-time perfective adverbs.

'Zhe' as an aspect particle indicates that the state or action is continuing, emphasizing 'being in the process' or 'ongoing.' 'Verb + zhe' often describes a background state, providing the context for other actions. 'Zhe' does not emphasize completion; it emphasizes stability during the process. It is often used in static descriptions or to coordinate events.

'Verb + zhe' can take a complement or an object, specifying the content that continues. Some verbs naturally pair with 'zhe', such as 'guà zhe' (hanging), 'zhàn zhe' (standing), 'bǎi zhe' (placing), to indicate continued state. The negative forms generally use 'mei' or 'bu' depending on context. 'Zhe' differs from the present progressive 'zai'; 'zhe' emphasizes the maintenance of the state.

'Le' marks completion or result; 'Guo' marks experience; 'Zhe' marks ongoing state. Each answers the grammatical needs of 'Has it completed?','Have there been experiences?','Is it ongoing?' In practice, choose the appropriate particle based on the desired temporal character. Mixing should be avoided to prevent meaning conflicts, e.g., 'Guo' does not indicate result, and 'Zhe' does not indicate completion.

Aspect particles commonly appear in high-frequency collocations with specific verbs or structures, forming set expressions. 'Le' frequently appears with result complements such as 到, 完, 好. 'Zhe' is common in describing states. 'Guo' is common in expressing experience, such as 去, 见, 吃. Mastering high-frequency collocations helps in natural use of aspect particles.