You’re about to connect ideas with precision: cause, purpose, condition, time, and description will take their natural place in French sentences. Start by distinguishing coordination from subordination, then build toward sentences such as Je pars parce que je suis fatigué.

In a French sentence, coordination links two clauses of the same level. Each clause can function alone, and the conjunction merely places them side by side. With subordination, one clause depends on the other. It does not convey a complete idea by itself and serves to specify a cause, a time, a condition, a purpose, or a consequence. In Propositions et Subordonnées, this difference appears clearly: coordination adds, opposes, or chooses, while subordination organizes the information around a main clause.

After a subordinating conjunction, one expects a complete clause with a subject and a conjugated verb. Marie est fatiguée, il arrive, tu veux. In each case, the part that follows the conjunction is not a simple group of words, but a real clause. The verb can be in a simple tense or in a compound tense, and the subject can be a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase. Without a subject and with no conjugated verb, there is no subordinate clause.

Common conjunctions of cause, time, and condition
Idea
🐱Après une conjonction de subordination, on trouve une proposition complète avec un sujet et un verbe.
🌧️La proposition dépendante ne peut pas vivre seule dans la phrase.
☕Une conjonction de subordination relie deux propositions avec une relation précise.

presents a cause, situates a fact in time, and marks a condition or an indirect question depending on the context. These conjunctions serve to link two clauses without placing them at the same level. In , the second clause explains the first. In , it situates the action. In , it sets the condition. The link between the two clauses is part of the meaning of the entire sentence.

Uses for giving the reason
WordDefinition
parce que🎶Cela sert à donner la cause d une action ou d un état.
quand☀️Cela sert à situer une action au moment où une autre arrive.
si🤓Cela sert à présenter une condition ou une hypothèse.
comme🍲Cela sert souvent à introduire une cause placée au début de la phrase.
puisque🚌Cela sert à dire une cause déjà connue ou évidente.
lorsque🔔Cela sert à marquer un moment précis dans le temps.
afin que🐉Cela sert à exprimer le but recherché d une action.
bien que🍰Cela sert à exprimer une opposition entre deux idées.
pour que🧹Cela sert à indiquer le résultat voulu par le sujet.
si bien que😂Cela sert à montrer une conséquence qui suit logiquement.

To state the cause, the subordinate clause explains why the main action exists or occurs. You often find , , and . introduces the most direct reason: . presents a cause already known or obvious: . often places the cause at the beginning of the sentence: . These conjunctions link a reason to its result in Conjonctions causales.

Uses for announcing an objective
UsageExplanation
🏠Objective aimed forWe use pour que when the subject wants to obtain a precise result.
🌤️Sustained intentionWe use afin que in a slightly more formal register to show an intention.
🍮Playful purposeWe can use the goal to show why we act with a clear objective.

The subordinate clause of purpose indicates the objective aimed at by the action of the main clause. We often use , , and . The main clause describes the action accomplished, and the subordinate clause states the intention. shows the aim of speaking slowly. shows the sought result. The verb in the subordinate clause follows the logic of the objective, not that of a simple fact already realized.

The condition in the French sentence
UsageExplanation
🦉Objectif vouluOn utilise pour que quand le sujet veut obtenir un résultat précis.
🚪Intention soutenueOn utilise afin que dans un registre un peu plus soigné pour montrer une intention.
⭐Finalité amusanteOn peut employer le but pour montrer pourquoi on agit avec un objectif clair.

The condition makes the main clause depend on a possible, probable or imaginary situation. is the most frequent conjunction: . The main clause describes what will happen, would happen, or would be true if the condition is fulfilled. The subordinate clause can also begin with , or depending on the degree of dependence. The overall meaning rests on the link between the condition and the consequence. To review the difference between cause, time and condition, compare with Conjonctions de Coordination and the other logical links of the sentence.

Tense agreement in the subordinate clause
Idea
🗳️When the main clause is in the past, the subordinate clause often takes a past tense.
🌙The tense in the subordinate clause follows the temporal logic of the whole.
⏳The sense of the action helps to choose the correct verb tense.

In a time subordinate clause, the choice of the verb depends on the temporal relationship with the main clause. places the two actions in the same temporal frame. shows that one action will be completed before the other. and introduce a waiting or a limit, and the verb expresses this relationship precisely. The tense is chosen not only for the action itself, but for its position in the chronology of the sentence.

Relative pronouns to specify a noun
Idea
🐟Quand la principale est au passé, la subordonnée prend souvent un temps du passé.
🍵Le temps dans la subordonnée suit la logique temporelle de l ensemble.
🤖Le sens de l action aide à choisir le bon temps verbal.

Relative clauses add information about a noun already present in the sentence. replaces the subject of the relative clause: . replaces the object: . takes a complement introduced by : . The relative clause is not used to link two independent ideas, but to specify a noun. It retains a very stable place in the sentence and attaches directly to the noun phrase it describes.

Emphasis at the beginning of a sentence
WordDefinition
qui🤡Cela remplace souvent le sujet de la proposition relative.
que🎵Cela remplace souvent le complément d objet de la relative.
dont🎩Cela remplace une idée liée à de ou d une autre construction.
laquelle🪑Cela sert à préciser un nom déjà connu dans un contexte plus soutenu.
où🌳Cela sert à situer un lieu ou un moment.

Some subordinate clauses placed at the beginning of the sentence create emphasis. first gives the temporal frame, then the main information. foregrounds the cause. This arrangement draws attention to the logical relation before presenting the result. The reverse order, with the main clause first, keeps the focus on the main action. The choice depends on what the speaker wants to put first in the sentence.

Emphasis at the beginning of a sentence
Idea
💨One can place an element of the subordinate clause at the beginning to highlight it.
🎭L inversion apparaît parfois dans des tournures plus littéraires.
📞Le début marqué doit rester clair et grammatical malgré l effet de style.

Take the Quiz!

You can now choose a conjunction for the logical link, place a subordinate clause, and build more nuanced sentences. Continue with Causal Conjunctions, then compare them with Adversative Conjunctions and Coordinating Conjunctions.

Suggested Modules: A2

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Last updated: Sun Sep 13, 2026, 4:20 AM