Subordinating Conjunctions in FrenchA2
You’re about to connect ideas with precision: cause, purpose, condition, time, and description will take their natural place in French sentences. Start by distinguishing coordination from subordination, then build toward sentences such as Je pars parce que je suis fatigué.
Prerequisites
Complementary Modules
Coordinate or Subordinate
In a French sentence, coordination links two clauses of the same level. Each clause can function alone, and the conjunction merely places them side by side. With subordination, one clause depends on the other. It does not convey a complete idea by itself and serves to specify a cause, a time, a condition, a purpose, or a consequence. In Propositions et Subordonnées, this difference appears clearly: coordination adds, opposes, or chooses, while subordination organizes the information around a main clause.
The Complete Subordinate Clause
After a subordinating conjunction, one expects a complete clause with a subject and a conjugated verb. Marie est fatiguée, il arrive, tu veux. In each case, the part that follows the conjunction is not a simple group of words, but a real clause. The verb can be in a simple tense or in a compound tense, and the subject can be a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase. Without a subject and with no conjugated verb, there is no subordinate clause.
| Idea | |
|---|---|
Because, When, If
presents a cause, situates a fact in time, and marks a condition or an indirect question depending on the context. These conjunctions serve to link two clauses without placing them at the same level. In , the second clause explains the first. In , it situates the action. In , it sets the condition. The link between the two clauses is part of the meaning of the entire sentence.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| parce que | ||
| quand | ||
| si | ||
| comme | ||
| puisque | ||
| lorsque | ||
| afin que | ||
| bien que | ||
| pour que | ||
| si bien que |
Expressing the Cause
To state the cause, the subordinate clause explains why the main action exists or occurs. You often find , , and . introduces the most direct reason: . presents a cause already known or obvious: . often places the cause at the beginning of the sentence: . These conjunctions link a reason to its result in Conjonctions causales.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| We use pour que when the subject wants to obtain a precise result. | ||
| We use afin que in a slightly more formal register to show an intention. | ||
| We can use the goal to show why we act with a clear objective. |
Expressing the Purpose
The subordinate clause of purpose indicates the objective aimed at by the action of the main clause. We often use , , and . The main clause describes the action accomplished, and the subordinate clause states the intention. shows the aim of speaking slowly. shows the sought result. The verb in the subordinate clause follows the logic of the objective, not that of a simple fact already realized.
| Usage | Explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| On utilise pour que quand le sujet veut obtenir un résultat précis. | ||
| On utilise afin que dans un registre un peu plus soigné pour montrer une intention. | ||
| On peut employer le but pour montrer pourquoi on agit avec un objectif clair. |
Expressing the Condition
The condition makes the main clause depend on a possible, probable or imaginary situation. is the most frequent conjunction: . The main clause describes what will happen, would happen, or would be true if the condition is fulfilled. The subordinate clause can also begin with , or depending on the degree of dependence. The overall meaning rests on the link between the condition and the consequence. To review the difference between cause, time and condition, compare with Conjonctions de Coordination and the other logical links of the sentence.
| Idea | |
|---|---|
Time Relations in Subordinate Clauses
In a time subordinate clause, the choice of the verb depends on the temporal relationship with the main clause. places the two actions in the same temporal frame. shows that one action will be completed before the other. and introduce a waiting or a limit, and the verb expresses this relationship precisely. The tense is chosen not only for the action itself, but for its position in the chronology of the sentence.
| Idea | |
|---|---|
Relatives with Who, Whom, and Whose
Relative clauses add information about a noun already present in the sentence. replaces the subject of the relative clause: . replaces the object: . takes a complement introduced by : . The relative clause is not used to link two independent ideas, but to specify a noun. It retains a very stable place in the sentence and attaches directly to the noun phrase it describes.
| Word | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| qui | ||
| que | ||
| dont | ||
| laquelle | ||
| où |
Sentence-Initial Subordinate Clauses
Some subordinate clauses placed at the beginning of the sentence create emphasis. first gives the temporal frame, then the main information. foregrounds the cause. This arrangement draws attention to the logical relation before presenting the result. The reverse order, with the main clause first, keeps the focus on the main action. The choice depends on what the speaker wants to put first in the sentence.
| Idea | |
|---|---|
Take the Quiz!
You can now choose a conjunction for the logical link, place a subordinate clause, and build more nuanced sentences. Continue with Causal Conjunctions, then compare them with Adversative Conjunctions and Coordinating Conjunctions.
Prerequisites
Complementary Modules