Proper nouns name specific people, places, organizations, times, and unique things. They identify one particular person or entity rather than a general class, so they are written with capital letters. Proper nouns often work with Nouns that name individuals, groups, and institutions, and they help make writing precise in both grammar and style.

Names of people and honorifics are capitalized when they refer to a specific person. Titles such as Dr. or President stay capitalized before a name, and personal names keep their main words capitalized. Possessive forms also keep their capitalization, so the apostrophe does not change the proper noun itself.

Idea	Example
A personal name is a proper noun.	Maria arrived early.
An honorific before a name is capitalized.	Dr. Patel spoke first.
A title used with a specific person is capitalized.	President Biden gave a speech.
A proper noun keeps its capital letter in possessive form.	London’s skyline is famous.

Names of countries, cities, regions, and landmarks are proper nouns and are capitalized. Multiword place names capitalize each significant word, such as New York City or Empire State Building. Generic direction words stay lowercase unless they name a region, so the North is capitalized but go north is not.

Idea	Example
A country name is capitalized.	Brazil has a long coastline.
A city name is capitalized.	Tokyo is crowded at night.
A landmark name capitalizes each important word.	The Empire State Building is tall.
A regional direction is capitalized.	The North has colder winters.

Organizations, institutions, companies, and trademarks are proper nouns when they name a specific group or product. Capitalize each significant word in the name, including abbreviations and acronyms such as NASA or EU. Some brands use lowercase styling by choice, and that written form is respected.

Idea	Example
An organization name is capitalized.	The United Nations met today.
An acronym keeps its capitalization.	NASA launched a mission.
A brand name is capitalized as written.	Starbucks opened nearby.
A trademark keeps its special styling.	iPhone stays lowercase at the start.

Days, months, holidays, and major events are proper nouns because they point to specific calendar names or public occasions. Historical periods and documents are also capitalized when they refer to named events or texts. Seasonal words usually stay lowercase, unless they appear in a title or as a personified name.

Idea	Example
A day of the week is capitalized.	Monday begins the week.
A month name is capitalized.	January is very cold.
A holiday or event name is capitalized.	Easter comes in spring.
A historical period or document is capitalized.	The Renaissance changed art.

Proper nouns can act like adjectives when they describe another noun, and they remain capitalized in that role. This is common with languages, nationalities, religions, and cultural references, as in Spanish literature or Shakespearean themes. The capital letter shows that the word still comes from a specific proper name.

Idea	Example
A language name is capitalized.	Spanish grammar can be complex.
A nationality adjective from a proper noun is capitalized.	Canadian music is popular.
A religion name is capitalized.	Buddhism teaches mindfulness.
A proper noun used adjectivally stays capitalized.	Shakespearean themes appear often.

In ordinary sentences, capitalize the main words of a proper name and leave small function words lowercase unless they begin the name. In titles and headlines, Title Case is often used for proper nouns, but the same naming logic still applies. Proper nouns remain the central spelling signal for specific people, places, groups, times, and cultural names, whether they stand alone or modify another noun.

Idea	Example
A title capitalizes the main words of a proper name.	New York City Hosts Festival.
A compound proper noun capitalizes each significant word.	The Sahara Desert is vast.
A proper name keeps its capitalization in a headline.	Treaty of Versailles Remains Important.
A specific street name is capitalized.	Baker Street appears in stories.