A past participle is a verb form used mainly to build perfect tenses and passive voice. In English it is often the same as the past tense for regular verbs, but many common verbs have an irregular past participle. Past participles can also act like adjectives to describe nouns.

For regular verbs, the past participle is formed with -ed, and it matches the simple past form. Spelling rules can change the written form, but the grammatical job stays the same: it is the participle used after helper verbs like have or be. Learn the -ed formation as your default pattern, then treat irregular verbs as separate vocabulary.

Rule	🇨🇳 中文 规则	Example	🇨🇳 中文 例子
Add -ed to the base verb for the past participle	📌 在词干后加 -ed 形成过去分词	She has worked here for years.	🧩 她在这里工作多年。
If the base ends in -e, add only -d	📌 如果词干以 -e 结尾，则只加 -d	He has lived in Rome.	🧩 他一直住在罗马。
If the verb ends consonant + y, change y to i + ed	📌 如果动词以辅音 + y 结尾，将 y 改为 i + ed	They have studied all week.	🧩 他们整周都在学习。
Many one syllable verbs double the final consonant after a short vowel	📌 许多一音节动词在短元音后会重叠末尾	I have stopped smoking.	🧩 我已经停止吸烟。

Many high frequency English verbs have an irregular past participle that does not end in -ed. These forms must be memorized because they are not predictable from the base verb. Some irregular verbs share patterns, but you should learn the past participle as part of each verb’s main forms.

Word/Phrase	🇨🇳 中文 单词/短语	Definition	🇨🇳 中文 定义	Example	🇨🇳 中文 示例
go → gone	🧩 go → gone	past participle used in perfect tenses	🧠 完成时中使用的过去分词	She has gone home.	🗣️ 她已经回家。
eat → eaten	🧩 eat → eaten	past participle used in perfect tenses	🧠 完成时中使用的过去分词	We have eaten already.	🗣️ 我们已经吃过了。
write → written	🧩 write → written	past participle used in perfect tenses	🧠 完成时中使用的过去分词	He has written three emails.	🗣️ 他已经写了三封邮件。
break → broken	🧩 break → broken	past participle used in passive or adjective uses	🧠 用于被动或形容词用法的过去分词	The window was broken.	🗣️ 窗户被打碎了。
see → seen	🧩 see → seen	past participle used in perfect tenses	🧠 完成时中使用的过去分词	I have seen that movie.	🗣️ 我已经看过那部电影。

Past participles combine with forms of have to create perfect meaning: earlier than a reference time. Present perfect connects past actions to now, past perfect places one past event before another, and future perfect places completion before a future time. The participle itself does not show time; the helper verb have carries tense.

Rule	🇨🇳 中文 规则	Example	🇨🇳 中文 例子
Present perfect: have or has + past participle	📌 现在完成时：have 或 has + 过去分词	She has finished her work.	🧩 她已经完成了她的工作。
Past perfect: had + past participle	📌 过去完成时：had + 过去分词	They had left before I arrived.	🧩 在我到达之前，他们已经离开了。
Future perfect: will have + past participle	📌 将来完成时：will have + 过去分词	By Friday, we will have completed the project.	🧩 到周五时，我们将完成该项目。
Questions invert have and the subject	📌 将 have 与主语颠倒以形成疑问句	Have you ever visited Japan?	🧩 你曾去过日本吗？
Negatives place not after have	📌 否定形式在 have 之后放 not	I have not seen him today.	🧩 我今天还没有看到他。

Past participles combine with forms of be to make the passive voice, which focuses on the receiver of an action instead of the doer. The subject of a passive sentence is the thing affected, and the agent can be added with by if needed. The helper verb be shows tense, while the past participle shows the passive form.

Rule	🇨🇳 中文 规则	Example	🇨🇳 中文 例子
Basic passive: be + past participle	📌 基本被动：be + 过去分词	The cake was baked this morning.	🧩 今天早上蛋糕被烤好了。
Add the agent with by when it matters	📌 在需要时用 by 引入施事者	The cake was baked by my sister.	🧩 蛋糕是被我的妹妹烤好的。
Passive questions invert be and the subject	📌 被动句疑问：将 be 与主语倒装	Was the meeting cancelled?	🧩 会议被取消了吗？
Continuous passive: be + being + past participle	📌 持续被动：be + being + 过去分词	The road is being repaired.	🧩 这条路正在被修理。
Perfect passive: have + been + past participle	📌 完成时态的被动：have + been + 过去分词	The files have been uploaded.	🧩 这个办公室已经被清洁过了。

Many past participles can function as adjectives that describe nouns, especially when they express a resulting state. They can appear before a noun or after linking verbs like be, seem, and feel. This use is common with feelings and conditions, but meaning may shift depending on context.

Rule	🇨🇳 中文 规则	Example	🇨🇳 中文 例子
Before a noun to describe a state	📌 放在名词前描述状态	We stayed in a renovated apartment.	🧩 我们住在一间翻新过的公寓。
After a linking verb to describe the subject	📌 连系动词后描述主语	I am exhausted.	🧩 我累坏了。
Use participle adjectives for results or completed states	📌 使用分词形容词表示结果或完成状态	The door is closed.	🧩 门已关上。
Some participles describe emotions in the person affected	📌 有些分词描述受影响者的情感	She felt confused by the instructions.	🧩 她对这些指示感到困惑。

Past participles can start or shorten clauses when the meaning is passive or when the subject is the receiver of the action. These reduced clauses are common in formal writing and allow you to avoid repeating relative pronouns and helper verbs. The understood subject should match the main clause to keep the meaning clear.

Rule	🇨🇳 中文 规则	Example	🇨🇳 中文 例子
Reduce a passive relative clause with a past participle	📌 使用过去分词缩短被动关系从句	The book published last year became a bestseller.	🧩 去年出版的那本书成了畅销书。
Use a past participle clause to show background information	📌 使用过去分词从句来呈现背景信息	Surprised by the news, he called his family.	🧩 因为新闻让他很惊讶，他给家人打电话。
The implied subject should match the main clause subject	📌 隐含主语应与主句主语一致	Given more time, we could finish the task.	🧩 如果有更多时间，我们可以完成这项任务。

The helper verb determines the main structure: have + past participle makes perfect aspect, and be + past participle makes passive voice. Some sentences can contain both, creating perfect passive forms like has been cleaned. Focus on what you want to express: completion before a time point, or an action done to the subject.

Rule	🇨🇳 中文 规则	Example	🇨🇳 中文 例子
Perfect: have + past participle shows completion or experience	📌 完成时：have + 过去分词表示完成或经历	I have visited Paris twice.	🧩 我去过巴黎两次。
Passive: be + past participle shows the subject receives the action	📌 被动：be + 过去分词表示主语接受动作	The office is cleaned daily.	🧩 办公室每天都被打扫。
Perfect passive: have + been + past participle combines both meanings	📌 完成被动：have + been + 过去分词同时表达两层意思	The office has been cleaned already.	🧩 办公室已经被清洁过了。

Regular past participles ending in -ed have three common pronunciations. The sound depends on the final sound of the base verb, not the spelling. Learning these patterns helps listening and speaking, especially because the written -ed is always the same.

Rule	🇨🇳 中文 规则	Description	🇨🇳 中文 描述	Notation	🇨🇳 中文 符号	Example	🇨🇳 中文 示例
-ed after voiceless sounds	🔊 在清音后 -ed	Pronounce -ed as a voiceless t sound after sounds like k, p, f, s, sh, ch	🗣️ 将 -ed 发音为清音的 t 音，出现在 k、p、f、s、sh、ch 这样的音之后	/t/	📝 /t/	worked, stopped, laughed	📚 worked, stopped, laughed
-ed after voiced sounds	🔊 在有声音后 -ed	Pronounce -ed as a voiced d sound after vowels and most voiced consonants like b, g, v, m, n, l, r	🗣️ 将 -ed 发音为有声的 d 音，出现在元音和大多数有声辅音如 b、g、v、m、n、l、r 之后	/d/	📝 /d/	played, cleaned, called	📚 played, cleaned, called
-ed after t or d	🔊 在 t 或 d 之后	Add an extra syllable and pronounce -ed as id after base verbs ending in t or d	🗣️ 在以 t 或 d 结尾的动词后再加一个音节并将 -ed 读作 /ɪd/	/ɪd/	📝 /ɪd/	wanted, needed, waited	📚 wanted, needed, waited

While irregular past participles must be learned individually, many follow recurring patterns that make them easier to remember. Grouping verbs by pattern helps you predict or recall forms, especially in high frequency verbs. Treat patterns as memory aids, not strict rules.

Word/Phrase	🇨🇳 中文 单词/短语	Definition	🇨🇳 中文 定义	Example	🇨🇳 中文 示例
-en participles	🧩 -en 过去分词	common pattern for many irregular verbs	🧠 许多不规则动词的常见模式	has broken, has taken, has spoken	🗣️ has broken, has taken, has spoken
same as base	🧩 与原形相同	some verbs keep the same form	🧠 一些动词保持同形	has put, has cut, has hit	🗣️ has put, has cut, has hit
same as past	🧩 与过去时相同	some verbs have identical past and participle forms	🧠 一些动词的过去时和过去分词形式相同	has bought, has taught, has built	🗣️ has bought, has taught, has built
vowel change	🧩 元音变化	some verbs change the vowel across forms	🧠 某些动词在不同形式之间会改变元音	has begun, has drunk, has sung	🗣️ has begun, has drunk, has sung