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指示形容词

中文指示形容词课程，涵盖这个词类的基本用法，包括“这个”、“那個”等指示代词的用法和区别。

🇨🇳 中文🇬🇧 English🇪🇸 Español

指示词类别

中文常用的指示词分为“这”和“那”两类，对应“近处的”和“远处的”。这两个词可以作为指示代词单独使用，也可以作为指示形容词放在名词前。

Chinese commonly used demonstratives are divided into two categories: 'this' and 'that', corresponding to 'near' and 'far'. These two words can be used as demonstrative pronouns by themselves, or as demonstrative adjectives placed before a noun.

Word/Phrase
🇬🇧 English
Word/Phrase
Definition
🇬🇧 English
Definition
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
这
This
“这”指说话人认为近的东西或人。
'This' refers to something or someone the speaker considers near.
📚这本书很好看。
This book is very good. 📚
那
That
“那”指说话人认为远的东西或人。
'That' refers to something or someone the speaker considers far.
👤那个人是我的朋友。
That person is my friend. 👤

指示加名词

“这”和“那”可以放在名词前面，组成“这＋名词”和“那＋名词”，用来明确指哪一个事物。常见搭配有“这本书”、“那座楼”等，根据所指的远近选择指示词。

'This' and 'That' can be placed in front of a noun, forming 'This + noun' and 'That + noun', used to clearly indicate which object is being referred to. Common pairings include 'This book', 'That building', etc., choosing the demonstrative based on distance.

Rule
🇬🇧 English
Rule
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
“这”放在名词前，指近处的事物。
'This' placed before a noun refers to near things.
🎟️这张票是我的。
This ticket is mine. 🎟️
“那”放在名词前，指远处的事物。
'That' placed before a noun refers to far things.
🏪那家店关门了。
That shop is closed. 🏪

指示加量词

中文名词前常常需要量词，所以“这”和“那”通常和量词一起用，结构是“这＋量词＋名词”和“那＋量词＋名词”。选择合适的量词后，指示更清楚。

'This' + measure word + noun refers to a near object. 'That' + measure word + noun refers to a far object.

Rule
🇬🇧 English
Rule
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
“这”加量词加名词，指近处的一个事物。
'This' + measure word + noun refers to a near object.
📖这本书是新的。
This book is new. 📖
“那”加量词加名词，指远处的一个事物。
'That' + measure word + noun refers to a far object.
🚗那辆车很快。
That car is fast. 🚗

常用量词

“这”和“那”后面常见的量词有“个”、“本”、“张”、“只”等，分别和不同的名词搭配。正确选择量词能让表达自然明确。

Common measure words that follow 'this' and 'that' include 'ge','ben','zhang','zhi', etc., which pair with different nouns. Choosing the correct measure word makes expression natural and clear.

Word/Phrase
🇬🇧 English
Word/Phrase
Definition
🇬🇧 English
Definition
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
个
个
用于人和多数事物。
Used for people and most things.
👩‍🏫这个老师很认真。
This teacher is very serious. 👩‍🏫
本
本
用于书籍。
Used for books.
📘这本杂志不错。
This magazine is pretty good. 📘
张
张
用于平面的东西。
Used for flat things.
🖼️那张照片很漂亮。
That photo is very pretty. 🖼️
只
只
用于部分动物和单只物品。
Used for some animals and single items.
🐈那只猫在窗台上。
That cat is on the windowsill. 🐈

指示单独用法

“这”和“那”可以单独用，代替前面提到的事物，相当于“这个”“那个”。这种用法常见于对话和指代已知内容。

'This' and 'That' can be used alone, replacing the previously mentioned thing, equivalent to 'this one'/'that one'. This usage is common in dialogue and when referring to known content.

Rule
🇬🇧 English
Rule
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
“这”单独用，指代靠近或刚提到的事物。
'This' used alone refers to something near or just mentioned.
🍰这很好吃。
This is delicious. 🍰
“那”单独用，指代较远或前文提到的事物。
'That' used alone refers to something farther away or previously mentioned.
⏰那我明天再来。
Then I'll come back tomorrow. ⏰

空间远近

“这”和“那”的选择基于说话人认定的“近”和“远”，可以是实际距离，也可以是心理上的距离。在对话中，手边的通常用“这”，对面或较远的用“那”。

The choice of 'This' and 'That' is based on the speaker's notion of 'near' and 'far', which may be actual distance or psychological distance. In conversation, things at hand are typically 'This', and those across or farther away are 'That'.

Rule
🇬🇧 English
Rule
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
手边或身边的事物通常用“这”。
Things at hand or nearby are usually 'This'.
🥤这杯水是我的。
This cup of water is mine. 🥤
对面或离得远的事物通常用“那”。
Objects opposite or farther away are usually 'That'.
📕那本书在桌子上。
That book is on the table. 📕

话题远近

指示词也可以表示话题的远近。“这”常用来引入当前要说的话或刚发生的事，“那”常用来指前面说过的内容或非当前重点。

Demonstratives can also indicate the proximity of the topic. 'This' is often used to introduce what is being said now or something that just happened; 'That' is often used to refer to what was mentioned earlier or not the current focus.

Rule
🇬🇧 English
Rule
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
“这”指当前的话题或刚发生的事。
'This' refers to the current topic or something that just happened.
📰这我昨天才知道。
I only found out about this yesterday. 📰
“那”指前面的话题或较早的事。
'That' refers to the topic mentioned earlier or earlier matter.
🚶那我们早点出发吧。
Then let's set off earlier. 🚶

指人和指物

“这”和“那”都可以指人或物，用法相同。指人的时候，通常配合量词“个”，指物可以根据名词选择不同的量词。

'This' and 'That' can refer to people or things, with the same usage. When referring to people, they are usually paired with the classifier 'ge'; for objects, you can choose different classifiers depending on the noun.

Rule
🇬🇧 English
Rule
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
指人时常用“这（那）＋个＋名词”。
When referring to people, it's common to say 'This (That) + ge + noun'.
🎤这个同学会唱歌。
This classmate can sing. 🎤
指物时根据名词选择量词。
When referring to objects, choose the measure word according to the noun.
📱那只手机很新。
That phone is very new. 📱

指示词加强

口语中可以用“这一个”“那一个”来加强指代，表示“就是这（那）个”。这种结构带有强调色彩，常用于选择或对比。

In spoken language, you can use 'this one' and 'that one' to strengthen the reference, meaning 'this very one' or 'that very one'. This structure carries emphasis and is often used for selection or comparison.

Rule
🇬🇧 English
Rule
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
“这一个”用来强调所选的近处事物。
'This one' is used to emphasize the chosen near item.
💸这一个比较便宜。
This one is cheaper. 💸
“那一个”用来强调所选的远处事物。
'That one' is used to emphasize the chosen far item.
👍那一个更合适。
That one is more suitable. 👍

简略用法

在对话中，“这本”“那张”等可以省略名词，前提是双方都知道指的是什么。这种省略依赖语境，不改变指示词和量词的结构。

In conversation, 'this book' or 'that photo' can omit the noun, provided both parties know what is being referred to. This ellipsis relies on context and does not change the structure of the demonstratives and measure words.

Rule
🇬🇧 English
Rule
Example
🇬🇧 English
Example
已知名词时可以用“这＋量词”简略。
When the noun is known, you can abbreviate with 'this + measure word'.
📔这本我还没看完。
This book I haven't finished yet. 📔
已知名词时可以用“那＋量词”简略。
When the noun is known, you can abbreviate with 'that + measure word'.
🗂️那张我已经交了。
That one I have already handed in. 🗂️