动词 + 宾语结构
中文动词宾语结构模块涵盖宾语的基本用法、位置以及相关句型，帮助学习者掌握如何在句中正确使用动词与宾语。
宾语定义
宾语是动作的承受者，通常由名词、代词或名词性短语充当。动词决定是否需要宾语。带宾语的句子表达“谁做什么”。
An object is the recipient of the action, usually a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. The verb determines whether an object is required. A sentence with an object expresses 'who does what'.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
宾语是动作的承受者。 | The object is the receiver of the action. |  我吃苹果。 | I eat an apple. 🍎 |
动词决定是否需要宾语。 | The verb determines whether an object is required. |  她喜欢音乐。 | She likes music. 🎵 |
名词性短语可以做宾语。 | A noun phrase can function as an object. |  我们喝一杯茶。 | We drink a cup of tea. 🍵 |
基本语序
汉语常用主谓宾结构，顺序是“主体+动词+宾语”。宾语紧跟在动词后面。语序变化会改变句子意思或变得不自然。
Mandarin Chinese commonly uses subject–verb–object order, with the sequence 'subject + verb + object'. The object follows immediately after the verb. Changing the word order can change the meaning or make the sentence unnatural.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
汉语常用“主语+动词+宾语”顺序。 | Chinese commonly uses the 'subject + verb + object' order. |  他看书。 | He reads a book. 📚 |
宾语紧跟在动词后。 | The object immediately follows the verb. |  你写信。 | You write a letter. ✉️ |
语序错误会影响表达。 | Incorrect word order can affect expression. |  写你信。 | Write your letter. 🚫 |
可及物动词
及物动词需要宾语，表示动作作用于某个对象。常见及物动词包括“吃”“看”“买”“学”。不带宾语时句子通常不完整或意思不明。
Transitive verbs require an object, indicating the action is performed on an object. Common transitive verbs include 'eat', 'see', 'buy', 'learn'. A sentence without an object is usually incomplete or unclear.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
及物动词需要宾语。 | Transitive verbs require an object. |  他们买衣服。 | They buy clothes. 👕 |
不带宾语句子可能不完整。 | A sentence without an object may be incomplete. | 他买。 | He buys. 🚫 |
常见及物动词常接具体名词。 | Common transitive verbs are usually followed by concrete nouns. |  我学中文。 | I study Chinese. 🀄️ |
不可及物动词
不及物动词通常不带宾语，表示状态或自发性的动作。常见不及物动词有“来”“走”“睡”“下雨”。不及物动词后面直接加名词容易产生歧义。
Intransitive verbs typically do not take an object, representing a state or spontaneous action. Common intransitive verbs include 'come', 'go', 'sleep', 'rain'. Directly adding a noun after an intransitive verb can lead to ambiguity.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
不及物动词通常不带宾语。 | Intransitive verbs usually do not take an object. |  他来了。 | He arrived. 🚶♂️ |
“下雨”不需要宾语。 | 'To rain' does not require an object. |  今天下雨。 | It's raining today. 🌧️ |
直接加名词可能产生歧义。 | Directly adding a noun after an intransitive verb may cause ambiguity. |  走路可以，但“走学校”不自然。 | Walking is fine, but 'go to school' is not natural. 🚶♀️ |
宾语类型
宾语可以是名词、代词或名词短语。句中可以用代词代替前面提到的名词。数量短语和修饰语可以进入宾语内部。
Objects can be nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. In a sentence, a pronoun can replace a previously mentioned noun. Quantifier phrases and modifiers can be part of the object.
词语或结构 | 🇬🇧 English Word or Structure | 定义 | 🇬🇧 English Definition | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 名词 | Noun 🎒 | 宾语由名词充当。 | The object is a noun. |  我喝水。 | I drink water. 💧 |
 代词 | Pronoun 🧑🤝🧑 | 宾语由代词充当。 | The object is a pronoun. |  你认识我。 | You know me. 👋 |
 名词短语 | Noun Phrase 🫖 | 宾语由数量和修饰语组成。 | The object consists of quantity and modifiers. |  她买了一本书。 | She bought a book. 📖 |
双宾结构
有些动词可以带两个宾语，常见结构是“给某人某物”。典型顺序是“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”。中文常用“给”引出接受者。
Some verbs can take two objects; common structure is 'give someone something'. The typical order is 'verb + indirect object + direct object'. In Chinese, the recipient is often introduced with '给'.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”是常见双宾结构。 | The 'verb + indirect object + direct object' is a common double-object structure. |  我告诉你一个消息。 | I tell you a piece of news. 🗞️ |
“给+人+东西”表达把东西交给某人。 | 'Give + person + thing' expresses handing the thing to someone. |  老师给我一本书。 | The teacher gives me a book. 🎁 |
间接宾语通常指接受者。 | Indirect object usually refers to the recipient. |  他送她一朵花。 | He gives her a flower. 🌹 |
动宾短语
动宾短语是由动词和宾语组成的短语，可以作为句子成分。常见于复合句和更长的表达中。动宾短语内部保持“动词+宾语”顺序。
A verb-object phrase is a phrase consisting of a verb and its object, which can function as a sentence element. Common in complex sentences and longer expressions. Within that phrase, the order 'verb + object' is preserved.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
动宾短语内部顺序不变。 | The internal order of the verb-object phrase does not change. |  他喜欢看电影。 | He likes watching movies. 🎬 |
动宾短语可以扩展成分。 | A verb-object phrase can be extended with components. |  我打算吃午饭。 | I plan to eat lunch. 🍽️ |
动宾短语可作为更大结构的一部分。 | A verb-object phrase can be part of a larger structure. | 学中文很有用。 | Learning Chinese is useful. 🀄️ |
否定句型
否定句中，否定词一般放在动词前，宾语位置不变。常用否定词有“不”和“没”。“没”多用于否定过去或完成，动词后仍接宾语。
In negation sentences, the negation word typically comes before the verb, while the object position remains unchanged. Common negations are '不' and '没'. '没' is often used to negate past actions or completed aspects; the verb can still be followed by an object.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
否定词放在动词前，宾语位置不变。 | Negation words come before the verb, and the object position remains unchanged. |  我不喝咖啡。 | I do not drink coffee. ☕️ |
“没”否定过去，动词后可接宾语。 | '没' negates past actions; an object can follow the verb. | 他没看书。 | He did not read a book. 📚 |
否定不改变“动词+宾语”顺序。 | Negation does not change the 'verb + object' order. |  你不认识他。 | You do not know him. 👤 |
疑问句型
一般疑问句保持“主语+动词+宾语”顺序，加“吗”在句末。疑问代词句保留动宾结构，用“什么”“谁”等替换宾语。宾语在疑问句中依然紧跟动词。
Yes-no questions keep the 'subject + verb + object' order, with 'ma' added at the end. Interrogative pronouns preserve the verb–object structure, using 'what', 'who', etc. The object remains immediately after the verb in questions.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
一般疑问句加“吗”，语序不变。 | Yes-no questions add 'ma' without changing the word order. |  你吃饭吗？ | Are you eating? 🍚 |
“什么”替换宾语形成内容问句。 | 'What' replaces the object to form a content question. |  你看什么？ | What are you looking at? 👀 |
疑问句中宾语仍靠近动词。 | In questions, the object still stays close to the verb. |  他请谁？ | Whom did he invite? 🤝 |
宾语前移
在“是……的”结构和强调时，宾语可以前移，但属于特殊句型。日常表达中仍以“动词+宾语”为基本。前移后通常有语法标记或上下文配合。
In ' 是……的' constructions and for emphasis, the object can be fronted; this is a special sentence type. In everyday expressions, the basic structure remains 'verb + object'. When fronted, there is usually grammatical marking or contextual cues.
规则 | 🇬🇧 English Rule | 示例 | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
“是……的”可以突出宾语。 | '是……的' can highlight the object. |  苹果是他昨天买的。 | The apple is what he bought yesterday. 🍏 |
强调时可前移，但需特定结构。 | Emphasis fronting is possible, but requires a specific structure. |  这本书，我已经看完了。 | This book, I have already finished reading. 📕 |
基本表达优先保持动宾顺序。 | The basic expression should prioritize the verb–object order. |  我已经看完这本书。 | I have already finished reading this book. ✅ |