Common Mandarin personal pronouns include 'I', 'you', and 'he', representing the speaker, listener, and a third party, respectively. When choosing pronouns, make the referent clear. In spoken language, pronouns are frequent, but names or terms of address can replace them to avoid repetition.

Add '们' in Chinese to indicate the plural for personal pronouns, such as '我们','你们','他们'. '们' usually attaches only to humans and personified groups, not to non-human nouns. This denotes including the speaker in '我们'; when excluding the speaker use '他们'.

In written language, 'he' refers to a male, 'she' to a female, and 'it' to non-human or abstract things. In spoken language, they are pronounced the same, 'tā', and the reference is inferred from context. In formal writing, you should choose the appropriate form of characters based on the referent.

'Nín' is the honorific form of 'you', used to show respect, commonly with elders, superiors, or in formal settings. 'Nín' can combine with 'men' to form 'nínmen', but in modern Mandarin it is usually used alone to refer to the addressee. When using honorifics, tone and vocabulary are typically more polite.

'This' refers to a nearer or just-mentioned item, while 'that' refers to a farther or previously mentioned item. When combined with a noun they commonly form phrases like 'this/that', increasing referential clarity. In spoken language, 'this'/'that' can also be used as a thinking pause, but in formal expression you should refer to the specific object.

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions, including 'Who','What','Which','How','Why', etc. Interrogative pronouns usually appear at the part of the sentence being questioned. With context, they can narrow the referent range, making questions more precise.

'Everyone' refers to a group of people, commonly used to refer to participants or people present. 'People' can be used generically to refer to any one person or a class of people. 'Someone' refers to an unspecified person, usually not saying who.

'This' and 'here' lean toward near distance, used for things near the speaker or current topic. 'That' and 'there' lean toward farther distance, used for farther places or earlier topics. 'This side' and 'that side' emphasize direction or area, suitable for indicating location in conversation.

In Chinese, subjects are often omitted in context, especially in dialogue and ongoing narration. Omitting the subject does not hinder understanding if the meaning is clear, but if referents are unclear, keep the pronoun. Written language tends to retain pronouns more than spoken language to ensure clarity.

Pronouns can replace nouns mentioned earlier to avoid repetition. 'It' often replaces non-human nouns, while 'this' can replace content mentioned in the previous sentence. Correct substitution requires clear referential relationships in context.