Verbos con cambio de raíz
Este módulo cubre los verbos con cambio de raíz en español, enseñando las formas y reglas para conjugarlos en presente. Aprende cómo estos verbos alteran su raíz en diferentes personas.
Cambio de raíz
Un verbo con cambio de raíz es un verbo que altera una parte de su raíz en ciertas formas. En presente, el cambio ocurre en todas las personas excepto nosotros y vosotros. La terminación sigue las reglas normales de -ar, -er o -ir.
A stem-changing verb is a verb that alters part of its stem in certain forms. In the present tense, the change occurs in all forms except we and you all. The ending follows the normal -ar, -er, or -ir conjugation rules.
Regla | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
En presente, la raíz cambia en yo, tú, él, ella, usted, ellos, ellas y ustedes. | In the present tense, the stem changes in I, you (informal), he, she, you (formal), they (masculine), they (feminine), and you all. | I think of you. 🤔 | |
En nosotros y vosotros no hay cambio de raíz en presente. | In we and you all there is no stem change in the present. | We think of you. 😊 |
e → ie
Muchos verbos cambian e a ie en presente en las formas con cambio. La i aparece antes de la e de la terminación o de la siguiente letra de la sílaba.
Many verbs change e to ie in the present tense in the stem-changing forms. The i appears before the e of the ending or before the next letter of the syllable.
Sujeto | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Forma | 🇬🇧 English Form | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yo | I | pienso | think | I think of you. 💭 | |
Tú | You (informal) | piensas | think | You think of yourself. 🧠 | |
Él/ella/usted | He/She/You (formal) | piensa | thinks | She thinks of you. 💡 | |
Nosotros | We | pensamos | think | We think of you. 🤲 | |
Vosotros | You all | pensáis | think | You all think of yourself. 🎶 | |
Ellos/ellas/ustedes | They | piensan | think | They think of you. 🤓 |
o → ue
Algunos verbos cambian o a ue en presente en las formas con cambio. La u aparece antes de la e de la terminación o de la siguiente letra de la sílaba.
Some verbs change o to ue in the present tense in the stem-changing forms. The o appears before the e of the ending or before the next letter of the syllable.
Sujeto | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Forma | 🇬🇧 English Form | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yo | I | duermo | sleep | I sleep here. 🛏️ | |
Tú | You (informal) | duermes | sleep | You sleep here. 😴 | |
Él/ella/usted | He/She/You (formal) | duerme | sleeps | He sleeps here. 💤 | |
Nosotros | We | dormimos | sleep | We sleep here. 🏡 | |
Vosotros | You all | dormís | sleep | You all sleep here. 🛌 | |
Ellos/ellas/ustedes | They | duermen | sleep | They sleep here. 🦉 |
e → i
Algunos verbos de -ir cambian e a i en presente en las formas con cambio. Este patrón es común en verbos como pedir y servir.
Some -ir verbs change e to i in the present tense in the stem-changing forms. This pattern is common in verbs like pedir and servir.
Sujeto | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Forma | 🇬🇧 English Form | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yo | I | pido | ask for | I ask for more. 🙋♂️ | |
Tú | You (informal) | pides | ask for | You ask for more. 🙋♀️ | |
Él/ella/usted | He/She/You (formal) | pide | asks for | She asks for more. 🥄 | |
Nosotros | We | pedimos | ask for | We ask for more. 🍽️ | |
Vosotros | You all | pedís | ask for | You all ask for more. 🍴 | |
Ellos/ellas/ustedes | They | piden | ask for | They ask for more. 🛎️ |
u → ue
Muy pocos verbos cambian u a ue en presente. Jugar es el ejemplo más frecuente y sigue el mismo patrón de personas con cambio.
Very few verbs change u to ue in the present. Playing is the most frequent example and follows the same pattern of stem-changing forms.
Sujeto | 🇬🇧 English Subject | Forma | 🇬🇧 English Form | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yo | I | juego | play | I play here. 🎮 | |
Tú | You (informal) | juegas | play | You play here. 🕹️ | |
Él/ella/usted | He/She/You (formal) | juega | plays | He plays here. ⚽ | |
Nosotros | We | jugamos | play | We play here. 🎲 | |
Vosotros | You all | jugáis | play | You all play here. 🧩 | |
Ellos/ellas/ustedes | They | juegan | play | They play here. 🏆 |
Nosotros y vosotros
En presente, nosotros y vosotros mantienen la vocal original de la raíz. Esta regla se aplica en todos los patrones de cambio de raíz del presente.
In present tense, we and you all keep the original root vowel. This rule applies to all stem-changing patterns in the present.
Regla | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
En verbos con e → ie, nosotros y vosotros usan e. | In verbs with e → ie, we and you all use e. | You all think of you. 🎶 | |
En verbos con o → ue, nosotros y vosotros usan o. | In verbs with o → ue, we and you all use o. | We sleep here. 🏡 | |
En verbos con e → i, nosotros y vosotros usan e. | In verbs with e → i, we and you all use e. | You all ask for more. 🍴 |
Verbos comunes
Estos son algunos verbos frecuentes con cambio de raíz en presente. Reconocer estos verbos ayuda a identificar el patrón correcto.
These are some common stem-changing verbs in the present. Recognizing these verbs helps identify the correct pattern.
Palabra/frase | 🇬🇧 English Word/Phrase | Definición | 🇬🇧 English Definition | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| think 🧠 | El verbo pensar usa e → ie en presente. | The verb pensar uses e → ie in the present. | I think of the plan. 🤔 | ||
| want ❤️ | El verbo querer usa e → ie en presente. | The verb querer uses e → ie in the present. | You want coffee. ☕ | ||
| close 🚪 | El verbo cerrar usa e → ie en presente. | The verb cerrar uses e → ie in the present. | She closes the door. 🚪 | ||
| can 💪 | El verbo poder usa o → ue en presente. | The verb poder uses o → ue in the present. | I can help. 🙌 | ||
| return 🔄 | El verbo volver usa o → ue en presente. | The verb volver uses o → ue in the present. | You come back soon. ⏰ | ||
| count 📖 | El verbo contar usa o → ue en presente. | The verb contar uses o → ue in the present. | He tells a story. 📚 | ||
| ask for 🙏 | El verbo pedir usa e → i en presente. | The verb pedir uses e → i in the present. | We ask for water. 💧 | ||
| serve 🍽️ | El verbo servir usa e → i en presente. | The verb servir uses e → i in the present. | She serves dinner. 🥘 | ||
| play 🎲 | El verbo jugar usa u → ue en presente. | The verb jugar uses u → ue in the present. | They play cards. 🃏 |
Identificar la sílaba
El cambio de raíz ocurre en la sílaba tónica de la forma conjugada. En muchos verbos, la sílaba tónica es la misma que en el infinitivo menos la terminación.
The stem change occurs on the stressed syllable of the conjugated form. In many verbs, the stressed syllable is the same as in the infinitive minus the ending.
Regla | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Ejemplo | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
El cambio aparece en la sílaba tónica de la raíz. | The change appears in the stressed syllable of the stem. | I want coffee. ☕ | |
En formas largas, la terminación no mueve el cambio si la raíz sigue siendo tónica. | In long forms, the ending does not move the change if the stem remains stressed. | They prefer coffee. 🍮 |
Resumen
En presente, los verbos con cambio de raíz alteran la raíz en yo, tú, él, ella, usted, ellos, ellas y ustedes. Nosotros y vosotros mantienen la raíz original. Cada verbo tiene un patrón de cambio que se memoriza con el verbo.
In the present, stem-changing verbs alter the stem in I, you (informal), he, she, you (formal), they, they (feminine), and you all. We and you all keep the original stem. Each verb has a changing pattern that is memorized with the verb.