Auxiliary Verbs in GermanA2
Master the most important auxiliary verbs in German (haben, sein, werden). Learn tense formation and everyday usage with practical exercises.
What translations are avaliable?
What modules are required?
Prerequisites
Grammatical Role
Auxiliary verbs carry the grammatical structure of tenses, passive voice, and compound verb forms. In German, especially haben, sein, and werden are important because they, with the infinitive or the past participle II, order statements temporally and grammatically. Without them, the Perfect, Pluperfect, Future and Passive cannot be formed completely.
Present Tense Forms
In the present tense, auxiliary verbs are conjugated like other verbs, but their forms are among the most common and must be secure. The stem combines with the personal endings, with haben, sein and werden showing their own irregular forms. The basic conjugation patterns are also important for the Infinitive because finite and infinite forms are closely related.
| SubjektSubject | VerbVerb | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ichI | |||
| duyou | |||
| er, sie, eshe, she, it | |||
| ichI | |||
| duyou | |||
| er, sie, eshe, she, it | |||
| ichI | |||
| duyou | |||
| er, sie, eshe, she, it |
Have
Have appears as an auxiliary verb in the Perfect and Pluperfect and as a full lexical verb with its own meaning. As a lexical verb it describes possession, state or availability; as an auxiliary, together with the past participle II, it carries the tense meaning. The irregular preterite is 'ich hatte' and it is especially important in written German.
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Ich habe ein Buch, wenn ich in der Bibliothek bin.I have a book when I am in the library. | ||
| Ich habe gelacht, wenn der Film lustig war.I have laughed when the movie was funny. | ||
| Ich hatte keine Zeit, wenn der Zug schon fuhr.I had no time when the train had already left. | ||
| Wir haben Hunger, wenn die Pause noch fern ist.We are hungry when the break is still far away. |
Be
Be describes states, identity and change of location and also serves as an auxiliary verb for the Perfect with verbs of movement and change of state. It is especially frequent with verbs of movement, beginning and change, as in 'I am gone.' The irregular preterite is 'ich war' and it is very commonly used in narratives.
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Ich bin ruhig, wenn alles erledigt ist.I am calm when everything is done. | ||
| Ich bin nach Hause gegangen, wenn der Unterricht vorbei war.I went home when class was over. | ||
| Ich bin aufgestanden, wenn der Wecker klingelte.I got up when the alarm rang. | ||
| Ich war im Park, wenn die Sonne schien.I was in the park when the sun was shining. |
Become
Become shows development, future and in periphrastic use also the processive passive. In the Future tense, werden is used with the infinitive; in the passive, with the past participle II, and the form is often shortened in everyday speech or replaced by the present tense. The irregular preterite is 'ich wurde' and it is especially important in narratives and in the passive.
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Ich werde später kommen, wenn die Arbeit endet.I will come later when the work ends. | ||
| Der Brief wird gelesen, wenn er angekommen ist.The letter is read when it has arrived. | ||
| Ich wurde müde, wenn der Tag sehr lang war.I became nervous as the exam drew nearer. | ||
| Es wird kalt, wenn die Sonne untergeht.It gets cold when the sun goes down. |
Preterite
The three most common irregular preterite forms are ich war, ich hatte and ich wurde. They are among the first forms that must be reliably recognized in narratives and written German. In the South and in Austria, Perfekt is often used instead of the preterite in everyday speech.
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Ich war froh, wenn der Besuch endlich kam.I was glad when the visit finally came. | ||
| Ich hatte ein Ziel, wenn ich morgens losging.I had a goal when I left in the morning. | ||
| Ich wurde nervös, wenn die Prüfung näher rückte.I became nervous as the exam drew nearer. | ||
| Ich habe erzählt, wenn Freunde nach dem Tag fragen.I have told when friends ask about the day. |
Past Participle
Past Participle II is formed regularly with ge- and ends, depending on the verb class, in -t or -en. Weak verbs form ge + stem + t; strong verbs form ge + stem + en. This form is central for the Perfect, Pluperfect and Passive, and often appears together with the Perfect and the processive and state passive.
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Ich habe gespielt, wenn die Arbeit fertig war.I have played when the work was finished. | ||
| Ich bin gegangen, wenn der Weg lang war.I have gone when the path was long. | ||
| Er hat gelernt, wenn der Kurs begonnen hat.He has learned when the course began. | ||
| Der Brief wird gelesen, wenn die Post kommt.The letter is read when the mail comes. |
Infinitive
The infinitive is the base form of the verb and usually ends in -en. It appears after modal verbs and in many periphrastic constructions with auxiliary verbs, for example after werden in the Future or with zu in dependent constructions. For compound verb forms, the infinitive is the central non-finite form, as shown in the module Infinitive.
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Ich will lesen, wenn ich Zeit habe.I want to read when I have time. | ||
| Wir gehen, wenn der Regen aufhört.We go when the rain stops. | ||
| Du musst warten, wenn die Tür zu ist.You must wait when the door is closed. | ||
| Er freut sich, zu kommen, wenn die Einladung passt.He is glad to come if the invitation fits. |
Perfect
The perfect is formed with haben or sein and the past participle II. Haben is used with verbs that take an object, sein is used with movement, location change and change of state, so the type of verb determines the choice of auxiliary. This allows past time and result to be expressed in a single construction.
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Ich habe gearbeitet, wenn der Tag lang war.I have worked when the day was long. | ||
| Ich bin gefahren, wenn das Wetter gut war.I have driven when the weather was good. | ||
| Wir sind gekommen, wenn der Zug pünktlich war.We have arrived when the train was punctual. | ||
| Sie hat das Buch gelesen, wenn sie abends frei war.She has read the book when she was free in the evening. |
Passive
The processive passive is formed with werden and past participle II, the state passive with sein and past participle II. In the processive passive, the sequence of events is in focus; in the state passive, the result of an already completed process is in focus. This distinction is especially important for combining tenses and sentence meaning, as detailed in the section [Processive Passive and State Passive].
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Der Text wird gelesen, wenn die Klasse beginnt.The text is read when the class begins. | ||
| Die Tür ist geschlossen, wenn niemand mehr kommt.The door is closed when no one else comes. | ||
| Das Fenster wird geöffnet, wenn es warm wird.The window is opened when it gets warm. | ||
| Das Fenster ist geöffnet, wenn frische Luft hereinkommt.The window is opened when fresh air comes in. |
Periphrasis
Future I is formed with werden and the infinitive, Future II with werden, past participle II and the infinitive of sein or haben. Such analytic forms order the verb temporally or modally, without using a simple finite form. In everyday language, Future I is often replaced by present, and werden frequently appears shortened or unstressed.
| IdeeIdea | BeispielExample | |
|---|---|---|
| Ich werde lernen, wenn der Abend ruhig ist.I will learn when the evening is quiet. | ||
| Ich werde gegangen sein, wenn du anrufst.I will have gone when you call. | ||
| Ich habe gehen müssen, wenn die Pflicht es verlangt hat.I have had to go when duty demanded it. | ||
| Morgen komme ich, wenn alles vorbereitet ist.Tomorrow I will come if everything is prepared. |
Common Forms
The first reliable forms are I have, I had, I am, I was, I will and I became. In addition, the participles gehabt, gewesen and geworden occur, as well as the basic patterns for Perfect and Passive. Whoever masters these forms can reliably understand and form the central time and clause structures with auxiliary verbs.