A cadence is a chord progression that signals the end of a musical phrase, section, or piece, providing a sense of resolution or pause. Cadences are essential for structuring music and guiding listeners' expectations.
- Provide a sense of closure (final) or pause (non-final)
- Mark the end of phrases, sections, or entire pieces
- Help organize and structure music
Types of Cadences
Authentic, Plagal, Half, and Deceptive are the four main types of cadences.
There are four primary types of cadences, each creating a different effect:
| Cadence Type | Description | Effect | Typical Chords |
|---|---|---|---|
| Authentic | V → I (or V7 → I) | Full resolution | Dominant → Tonic |
| Plagal | IV → I | Soft resolution | Subdominant → Tonic |
| Half | Ends on V | Open, unfinished | Any → Dominant |
| Deceptive | V → vi (or V → vi) | Surprising, avoids closure | Dominant → vi |
Authentic Cadence
An authentic cadence is formed by the chords V → I (or V7 → I).
An authentic cadence (also called a perfect cadence) uses the progression V → I, creating a strong, final sense of resolution. The dominant chord (V) leads powerfully to the tonic (I), making it the most definitive way to end a phrase.
- Common at the end of sections and full pieces
- V chord often includes the dominant 7th (V7) for extra tension
- Provides a “musical full stop”
An authentic cadence can be used to end both a verse and an entire song.
Example: In C major, an authentic cadence is G → C (or G7 → C).
Plagal Cadence
A plagal cadence is formed by the progression IV → I.
A plagal cadence uses the progression IV → I and is sometimes called the “Amen” cadence due to its frequent use at the end of hymns. It offers a gentler, more subdued resolution than the authentic cadence.
- Often used after an authentic cadence for an extended ending
- Common in gospel, church music, and some pop contexts
- Provides a warm, familiar resolution
Yes, plagal cadences are often used in church music.
Example: In C major, a plagal cadence is F → C.
Half Cadence
A half cadence ends on the V chord.
A half cadence ends a phrase on the dominant chord (V), creating a sense of pause rather than full closure. It leaves the listener expecting more music to follow, making it ideal for transitional moments.
- Can start with any chord(s) but always ends on V
- Creates anticipation and forward motion
Yes, a half cadence can be used to end a section before a chorus.
Example: In C major, ending a phrase on G (V) is a half cadence.
Deceptive Cadence
A deceptive cadence uses the progression V → vi.
A deceptive cadence (also called an interrupted cadence) tricks the listener by avoiding the expected resolution. Instead of moving from V to I, the progression goes from V to vi, prolonging the musical journey.
- Creates a surprise or emotional twist
- Often used to extend a phrase or section
Yes, a deceptive cadence is typically used to continue the music, not end it.
Example: In C major, a deceptive cadence is G → Am.
Final Thoughts
Cadences are crucial for giving music direction and emotional impact. By mastering different types of cadences, you can create powerful moments of closure, surprise, or anticipation in your own compositions and performances.
- Authentic: V → I, strong closure
- Plagal: IV → I, soft/gentle closure
- Half: Ends on V, creates anticipation
- Deceptive: V → vi, surprises and prolongs