Defining clauses are relative clauses that specify which person or thing is meant, using relative pronouns that agree in gender, number, and case.
Defining clauses—also known as restrictive relative clauses—are used to specify exactly which person or thing we’re talking about. They are essential for identifying or distinguishing one item from others. In German, defining clauses begin with a relative pronoun (der, die, das, or a declined form) that agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it refers to (the antecedent). The verb in the defining clause goes to the end.
How Defining Clauses Work
A defining clause gives necessary information that restricts the meaning of the noun:
- The clause is essential; without it, the meaning changes or becomes incomplete.
- The relative pronoun agrees with the antecedent’s gender, number, and case.
- The verb comes at the end of the relative clause.
- No commas are used in English; in German, the defining clause is set off by commas, but the clause itself is essential.
What is the main purpose of a defining clause in German grammar?
To specify exactly which person or thing is meant
Defining clauses restrict the meaning of the noun by providing essential identifying information. They are not used for adding extra details or other functions like questioning or commanding.
Examples
Here are some examples of defining clauses in German and English:
| German Sentence | English Translation |
|---|---|
| Das ist der Mann, der den Hund füttert. | That is the man who feeds the dog. |
| Ich sehe die Frau, die im Park liest. | I see the woman who is reading in the park. |
| Kennst du die Stadt, die am Fluss liegt? | Do you know the city that lies on the river? |
Summary
- Defining clauses specify or identify a person or thing.
- They begin with a relative pronoun that matches the antecedent in gender, number, and case.
- The verb appears at the end of the clause.
- Defining clauses are necessary for the meaning of the sentence.
Next, we'll explore how to form relative pronouns in all cases to build defining clauses correctly.
Flashcards (1 of 3)
- English Translation: That is the man who feeds the dog.
Last updated: Thu Jun 12, 2025
