Fish anatomy is the study of the structure and function of fish bodies, from their external features to their internal organs. Fish are adapted to live in water, and their anatomy reflects this, with specialized structures for swimming, breathing, sensing, and reproducing. Some of the key anatomical features of fish include:
- Streamlined body: most fish have a body shape that reduces water resistance and allows efficient movement.
- Fins: used for propulsion, steering, balance, and stability. Common types are dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins.
- Scales: protect the skin, reduce friction, and provide some flexibility. Different fish have different types of scales (e.g., cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid).
- Gills: the main respiratory organ, where oxygen is extracted from water and carbon dioxide is expelled.
- Swim bladder: a gas-filled organ that helps maintain buoyancy and prevents sinking or floating uncontrollably.
- Lateral line: a sensory system that detects vibrations and changes in water pressure, aiding in navigation and prey detection.
- Internal organs: include the heart, brain, liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys, and reproductive organs, each serving vital functions for survival and maintenance.
Fish anatomy varies among different groups (e.g., bony fish, cartilaginous fish, jawless fish), but these general features are common to most species.