动词基础
中文动词基础模块涵盖动词的基本概念、分类与用法，帮助学习者掌握日常交流中的基本动词。适合初学者建立坚实的动词技能。
动词定义
动词表示动作、行为、状态或变化，是句子谓语的中心。中文句子常用动词连接主语和其他成分。动词决定句子的基本结构。
Verbs express actions, behaviors, states, or changes, and are the core of a sentence's predicate. In Chinese sentences, verbs are commonly used to connect the subject with other components. Verbs determine the basic structure of sentences.
动词分类
常见分类有动作动词和状态动词。动作动词表达可以观察到的行为，状态动词表达存在、感觉或属性。不同类别在搭配上有常见规律。
Common classifications include action verbs and stative verbs. Action verbs express observable actions; stative verbs express existence, feelings, or attributes. Different categories have common patterns in usage.
Word/Phrase | 🇬🇧 English Word/Phrase | Definition | 🇬🇧 English Definition | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 做 | Do 🛠️ | 动作动词。 | Action verb. |  我今天做晚饭。 | I’m making dinner today. 🍲 |
 想 | Want 🤔 | 状态动词。 | Stative verb. |  我想回家。 | I want to go home. 🏠 |
动词谓语
动词作为谓语时，通常放在主语后面。中文基本句型是主语加动词加其他成分。一个句子可以只用一个动词表达完整意思。
When used as the predicate, verbs usually come after the subject. The basic Chinese sentence pattern is subject + verb + other elements. A sentence can convey a complete meaning with just one verb.
Rule | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
动词作谓语时紧跟主语。 | The verb follows the subject when used as a predicate. |  他吃苹果。 | He eats an apple. 🍎 |
主语加动词可以构成完整句。 | A subject plus a verb can form a complete sentence. |  我去。 | I go. 🚶 |
常用动词
高频动词在日常交流中反复出现。掌握这些动词可以覆盖大量基础表达。每个动词根据语境可以搭配不同的宾语或补语。
High-frequency verbs appear repeatedly in daily communication. Mastering these verbs covers a large portion of basic expressions. Each verb can pair with different objects or complements depending on context.
Word/Phrase | 🇬🇧 English Word/Phrase | Definition | 🇬🇧 English Definition | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 去 | Go 🚗 | 表示离开一个地方或前往另一个地方。 | Indicates leaving a place or going to another. |  我们明天去学校。 | We will go to school tomorrow. 🎒 |
 看 | Watch 👀 | 表示用眼睛观察或访问。 | Indicates looking with the eyes or visiting. |  我晚上看电影。 | I will watch a movie tonight. 🎬 |
 要 | Need 🎯 | 表示需求或打算。 | Indicates a need or intention. |  我要一杯水。 | I want a glass of water. 💧 |
 有 | Have 📦 | 表示拥有或存在。 | Indicates possessing or existing. |  他有时间。 | He has time. ⏰ |
动词宾语
许多动词后面可以加宾语，表示动作的对象。动词加宾语形成动宾结构，是中文最常见的短语之一。宾语通常放在动词后紧接的位置。
Many verbs can be followed by objects to indicate the object of the action. Verb–Object structures form one of the most common phrases in Chinese. The object is usually placed immediately after the verb.
Rule | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
动词后加宾语表示动作的对象。 | A verb followed by an object indicates the object of the action. |  她读书。 | She reads a book. 📖 |
动宾结构中宾语紧跟动词。 | In a VO structure, the object follows the verb closely. |  我买东西。 | I buy things. 🛍️ |
否定形式
常用“不”否定一般现在或习惯，常用“没”否定过去经验或结果。否定词一般放在动词前面。不同否定词表达的时间和语气不同。
Common 'bù' negates present or habitual aspects, commonly. 'méi' negates past experiences or results. Negation words generally precede the verb. Different negations express different times and moods.
Word/Phrase | 🇬🇧 English Word/Phrase | Definition | 🇬🇧 English Definition | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 不 | 不 ❌ | 否定现在、将来或习惯。 | Negates present, future, or habitual. |  我不吃辣。 | I don’t eat spicy. 🌶️ |
 没 | 没 🌧️ | 否定过去经历或结果。 | Negates past experiences or results. |  我没去过北京。 | I have never been to Beijing. 🏯 |
时态表达
中文不靠动词形态变化表示时态，通常用时间词或结构标志时间。时间词常放在句首或动词前后。结果和完成常用“了”表达。
Chinese does not rely on verb morphology to express tense; it usually uses time words or structural time markers. Time words are often placed at the beginning of the sentence or around the verb. Result and completion are often expressed with '了'.
Rule | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
用时间词标明动作发生的时间。 | Use time words to indicate when the action occurs. |  昨天我看书。 | Yesterday I read a book. 📚 |
用“了”表示动作完成或变化。 | Use '了' to indicate completion or change. |  他到了。 | He arrived. 🚪 |
结果补语
结果补语放在动词后，表示动作产生的结果。常见结构是“动词＋结果补语”，可以带“了”表示完成。不同动词常搭配特定的结果补语。
Result complements appear after the verb, indicating the result of the action. A common structure is 'verb + result complement,' which can include '了' to indicate completion. Different verbs pair with specific result complements.
Word/Phrase | 🇬🇧 English Word/Phrase | Definition | 🇬🇧 English Definition | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 看完 | 看完 🏁 | 表示看这件事已经结束。 | Indicates that the act of watching has finished. | 我看完这本书了。 | I've finished reading this book. 📖 |
 找到 | 找到 🔍 | 表示寻找的结果达成。 | Indicates the result of a search has been achieved. |  她找到钥匙了。 | She found the key. 🗝️ |
能愿动词
能愿动词表达能力、可能、愿望或需要，常放在主要动词前。结构常为“主语＋能愿动词＋动词＋其他”。一个句子可以同时出现能愿动词和动词。
Modal verbs express ability, possibility, desire, or necessity, and are usually placed before the main verb. The structure is typically 'subject + modal verb + verb + others.' A sentence can contain both a modal and a main verb.
Word/Phrase | 🇬🇧 English Word/Phrase | Definition | 🇬🇧 English Definition | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 能 | Can 💪 | 表示能力或客观可能。 | Indicates ability or objective possibility. |  我能游泳。 | I can swim. 🏊 |
 会 | Can/May 🎶 | 表示学会或有可能。 | Indicates learned ability or possibility. |  他会唱歌。 | He can sing. 🎤 |
 想 | Want 💭 | 表示愿望或打算。 | Indicates wish or plan. |  我们想休息。 | We want to rest. 😴 |
 要 | Need 📌 | 表示需要或计划。 | Indicates need or plan. |  她要出门。 | She will go out. 🏡 |
连动结构
连动结构是一个句子中有两个或以上动词，表示相关的动作。常见模式是“先…再…”或“去＋动词”。各动词后面的成分根据需要补全。
A serial verb construction has two or more verbs in one sentence to express related actions. Common patterns are 'First... then...' or 'Go + verb.' The elements following each verb are filled as needed.
Rule | 🇬🇧 English Rule | Example | 🇬🇧 English Example |
|---|---|---|---|
一个主语带两个相关动词表达顺序或目的。 | A single subject with two related verbs expresses sequence or purpose. |  我去商店买东西。 | I go to the store to buy things. 🛒 |
“先…再…”表示动作的顺序。 | 'First... then...' expresses the order of actions. |  先吃饭再工作。 | First eat, then work. 🍚 |