The verb “be” shows a person or thing’s identity, state, condition, or location. It is irregular, so its forms change a lot across time and subject. “Be” can act as a main verb, or as a helper verb to build other tenses and passive voice. Learning “be” means learning which form matches the subject and the time.

In the present tense, “be” changes based on the subject. Use “am” only with “I.” Use “is” with singular third person and singular nouns. Use “are” with “you” and all plural subjects.

Subject	Form	Example
I	am	I am ready.
you	are	You are late.
he	is	He is here.
she	is	She is tired.
it	is	It is cold.
we	are	We are friends.
they	are	They are outside.

In the past tense, “be” has two forms: “was” and “were.” Use “was” with “I,” “he,” “she,” “it,” and singular nouns. Use “were” with “you,” “we,” “they,” and plural nouns.

Subject	Form	Example
I	was	I was busy.
you	were	You were right.
he	was	He was sick.
she	was	She was happy.
it	was	It was quiet.
we	were	We were at home.
they	were	They were early.

Use the base form “be” after modals like “can,” “must,” and “should,” and after “to” in infinitives. In commands, “be” gives instructions about a state or behavior. This form does not change for the subject.

“Been” is the past participle form of “be.” Use “been” after “have” or “has” to make perfect tenses, and after “had” for past perfect. “Been” also appears in perfect passive forms when combined with “been” plus a past participle of another verb.

As a main verb, “be” links the subject to information that describes or identifies it. It commonly connects to a noun phrase for identity, an adjective for state, or a prepositional phrase for location. This use answers questions like “Who is it,” “What is it like,” or “Where is it.”

As a helper verb, “be” forms two important structures. With an -ing verb, it builds the continuous tenses to show an action in progress. With a past participle, it builds the passive voice to focus on the receiver of an action.

To make negative statements with “be,” place “not” after the form of “be.” In speaking and informal writing, contractions are common, such as “isn’t,” “aren’t,” “wasn’t,” and “weren’t.” “Amn’t” is not used in standard English; “I’m not” is normal, and “aren’t I” appears in some question tags.

To ask a question with “be,” invert the order: put the form of “be” before the subject. This works for yes-no questions and for wh- questions. The rest of the sentence usually stays the same, so the key change is the position of “am,” “is,” “are,” “was,” or “were.”

Subject–verb agreement is the main challenge with “be.” Singular subjects take “is” in the present and usually “was” in the past; plural subjects take “are” and “were.” “You” always takes “are” and “were,” whether it means one person or more. Collective nouns can be singular or plural depending on whether the group is treated as one unit or as individuals.