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Definition and Characteristics

Birds are warm-blooded vertebrates belonging to the class Aves, distinguished by feathers, beaks, and the ability to lay eggs. They are adapted for flight, although some species are flightless, and they occupy diverse habitats worldwide.
  • Feathers: Unique to birds, providing insulation, enabling flight, and often used for display.
  • Beaks: Adapted to their diet, lacking teeth.
  • Egg-laying: Produce hard-shelled eggs.
  • Warm-blooded: Maintain a constant body temperature.
  • Vertebrates: Have a backbone.
  • Diverse: Over 10,000 species ranging from hummingbirds to ostriches.
Feathers are unique to birds.
Birds have feathers, beaks, lay eggs, and are warm-blooded.

Source Material

Author: National Geographic

Document: Birds - National Geographic

Date Published: 2024

Source Material

Author: Encyclopedia of Life

Document: Aves (Birds) - Encyclopedia of Life

Date Published: 2024

Feathers: Structure and Function

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

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Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

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File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

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4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

ia.wikipedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

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Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

diq.m.wikipedia.org
File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

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A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

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Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

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Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

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Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

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Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org
Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

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house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

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File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

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File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

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Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

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File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

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File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

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33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

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Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

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File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

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File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

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Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

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File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

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File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Feathers are complex structures made of keratin, consisting of a central shaft (rachis) with branching barbs and barbules that interlock. They serve multiple functions:
  • Provide flight capability through wing and tail feathers
  • Offer insulation with down feathers
  • Enable camouflage and communication via color and patterns
  • Made of keratin, the same protein as in claws and hair.
  • Provide waterproofing in many species.
  • Enable precise control in flight due to their interlocking design.
Feathers provide flight, insulation, camouflage, and communication.
Feathers are made of keratin.
Down feathers provide insulation.

Source Material

Author: American Museum of Natural History

Document: Feathers - American Museum of Natural History

Date Published: 2024

Beaks: Adaptations for Survival

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

ia.wikipedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

diq.m.wikipedia.org
File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org
Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

commons.wikimedia.org
Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Bird beaks (or bills) are highly adaptable tools made of keratin, tailored to a bird’s diet and lifestyle. They can be shaped for:
  • Cracking seeds (strong, conical beaks)
  • Tearing flesh (hooked beaks in raptors)
  • Filtering food (flat, broad beaks in ducks)
  • Probing (long, slender beaks in hummingbirds and shorebirds)
  • Beaks replace teeth, making them lighter for flight.
  • Variations in beak shape are classic examples of evolutionary adaptation.
Beaks are used for eating, grooming, nest building, and sometimes defense.
The lack of teeth reduces weight, aiding flight.
Beak shape is determined by diet and feeding habits.

Source Material

Author: Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Document: Bird Beaks: Form and Function - Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Date Published: 2024

Warm-Blooded Metabolism (Endothermy)

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

ia.wikipedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

diq.m.wikipedia.org
File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org
Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

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File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

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Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

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File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

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File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

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33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

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Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

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File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

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File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

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Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

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File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

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File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

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File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

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Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

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Birds are endothermic (warm-blooded), maintaining a constant internal body temperature regardless of the environment. This enables:
  • High levels of activity and stamina
  • Survival in diverse climates
  • Efficient digestion and rapid metabolism
  • Typical body temperature: 40-42°C (104-108°F)
  • Requires a high-energy diet to support metabolic needs.
  • Endothermy is a key factor in their evolutionary success.
Birds maintain a stable body temperature regardless of surroundings.
Warm-bloodedness supports activity in cold and high endurance.
Birds typically maintain 40-42°C body temperature.

Source Material

Author: National Geographic Education

Document: Avian Physiology - National Geographic

Date Published: 2024

Reproduction: Egg-Laying and Parental Care

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

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Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

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File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

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4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

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Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

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Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

ia.wikipedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

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Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

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File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

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A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

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Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

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Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

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Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

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Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

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Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

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Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

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Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org
Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

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Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

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house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

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Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

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File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

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File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

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Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

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File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

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File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

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33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

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Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

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File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

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Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

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File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

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File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

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File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

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Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Birds reproduce by laying hard-shelled eggs made of calcium carbonate, which provide protection and support for the developing embryo. Most bird species build nests for egg incubation and offspring protection. Parental care can be extensive, including:
  • Incubating eggs to maintain temperature
  • Feeding hatchlings with regurgitated food
  • Protecting young from predators
  • Fertilization is internal.
  • Some species show bi-parental care, others have one parent involved.
Birds lay eggs, build nests, and often show parental care.
Eggshells are mainly calcium carbonate.
Most birds feed and protect their young post-hatching.

Source Material

Author: Royal Ontario Museum

Document: Bird Reproduction - Royal Ontario Museum

Date Published: 2024

Skeleton: Lightweight and Strong

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

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Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

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File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

ia.wikipedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

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Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

diq.m.wikipedia.org
File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

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A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

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Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15 | "Not Speakin… | Flickr

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinals) 15.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 14.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

Piranga olivacea (scarlet tanager) | Piranga olivacea (Gmeli… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Steller's jay) (Rocky Moun… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 4.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2 | Cardinalis car… | Flickr

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Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

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File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

File:Cardinalis cardinalis (northern cardinal) 2.jpg - Wikimedia ...

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File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Blackbird nest with 3 eggs.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Möwennest mit drei Eiern 2H1A7779WI.jpg - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org
Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

Variations of Grey Butcher Bird eggs. | Photographed by Stev… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

Western Whip-bird eggs. | These are shot by a friend of mine… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

house finch nest - eggs | NJ Audubon Wattles Stewardship Cen… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

Rare spotting of a googly eyed bird hatching | Have an egg-c… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

File:Sprague's Pipit, Anthus spragueii, bird eggs in open cup nest ...

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File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

File:Chestnut collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus, nestling ...

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Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

Wood Thrush Nest (Quakertown Swamp) | Wood Thrush (Hylocichl… | Flickr

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File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

File:Common cuckoo parasitic brood.png - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Skeleton of a dodo bird (43897178171).jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

File:Bird skeleton - National Museum of Natural History ...

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File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Kelenken skeleton.jpg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

33/365: Bird Skeleton at National Museum of Natural Histor… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

Bird brained | An empty, translucent skull. Found the bird a… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Phorusrhacid skeleton white background.jpg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Elephant Bird skeleton.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

File:Squelette oiseau.svg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

Bird Skeleton | terren in Virginia | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

Dinornis maximus fossil bird (moa) (Quaternary; New Zealan… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

File:Phylogenetic tree of Theropods respiratory system 01.JPG ...

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File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Bird's respiratory system.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

File:Cranial sinus and postcranial air sac systems in birds.jpg ...

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File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:BirdRespiration esp.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

File:Respiration-bird-mammal-insect (1).gif - Wikimedia Commons

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Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

Bird bone structure | "During walking and running in birds, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
The bird skeleton is uniquely adapted for flight, combining strength with lightness. Key features include:
  • Hollow bones with air sacs for reduced weight
  • Fused bones (e.g., furcula or wishbone) for stability and strength
  • Strong pectoral girdle to anchor powerful flight muscles
  • Solid joints prevent excessive movement during flight.
  • Overall design maximizes energy efficiency and durability.
Birds have hollow, fused bones and a strong pectoral girdle for flight.
Hollow bones lighten the skeleton, aiding flight.
The furcula (wishbone) acts like a spring to aid flight.

Source Material

Author: Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Document: Bird Skeletal System - Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Date Published: 2024

Respiratory System: Efficiency for Flight

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 18 02 05.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Sääse tiib.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

File:Birdwing.svg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

Boat-billed heron juvenile | Boat-billed heron - Cochlearius… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Featherzoom3.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

from Avian Anatomy, Integument | Avian Anatomy, Integument, … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

4489ex P900 Southern Cassowary | These birds are quite intim… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

Cliff Swallow Builder | Cliff Swallow ( petrochelidon pyrrho… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

Eudocimus albus (American white ibis) (Sanibel Island, Flo… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Figure 29 05 01.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

commons.wikimedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia, le encyclopedia libere

ia.wikipedia.org
File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

File:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

Dosya:Bird Diversity 2013.png - Wikipedia

diq.m.wikipedia.org
File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

File:Cassowary Diversity.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

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File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

File:Geospiza fortis.jpg - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org
A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

A Khalij Pheasant foraging on the roadside forests | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

Violet Turaco (Musophaga violacea) | I'd been sat in a hide … | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

Prairie Warbler taking flight 20140903 | Rather quiet mornin… | Flickr

www.flickr.com
Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

Tree Swallow | Volunteers have put up nest boxes around Shol… | Flickr

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Diversity Clucks | This was taken on the day before Easter 2… | Flickr

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Sialia sialis (eastern bluebird) | Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, … | Flickr

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Birds have an exceptionally efficient respiratory system designed to meet the high oxygen demands of flight. It includes:
  • Air sacs that provide a continuous flow of air through the lungs (unidirectional airflow)
  • Lungs with parabronchi for efficient gas exchange
  • Respiratory system linked to skeletal system for stability
  • Air passes through lungs both during inhalation and exhalation.
  • Enables birds to extract oxygen even at high altitudes.
Birds have air sacs, unidirectional airflow, and parabronchi.
Air sacs enable a constant supply of oxygen, even during exhalation.

Source Material

Author: Smithsonian National Zoo

Document: How Do Birds Breathe? - Smithsonian National Zoo

Date Published: 2024

Source Material

Author: University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine

Document: Avian Respiratory System - University of Illinois

Date Published: 2024

Birds are unique among animals, combining distinctive features like feathers, beaks, and warm-blooded metabolism with advanced adaptations for flight and survival.
  • Feathers provide insulation, enable flight, and aid communication.
  • Beaks are specialized tools adapted to diverse diets.
  • Birds maintain high activity levels thanks to endothermy and efficient respiratory and skeletal systems.