Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction links a dependent clause to an independent clause. The dependent clause cannot stand alone as a full sentence, but it adds a meaning such as time, reason, contrast, condition, or purpose. The independent clause gives the main statement.

Subordinating conjunctions can show when one action happens in relation to another action. They place one clause earlier, later, at the same time, or up to a limit in time. The choice depends on the time relationship you want to show.

Some subordinating conjunctions show why something happens. Because gives a clear reason. Since and as can also show reason, but they can sometimes also show time, so the meaning may depend on context.

Subordinating conjunctions can show that two ideas are different or unexpected together. Although, though, and even though introduce a contrast with the main clause. Whereas also shows contrast, often by placing two facts against each other.

Some subordinating conjunctions show that one clause depends on another clause. If introduces a possible condition. Unless means except if. Provided that shows a condition that must be met, often with a more formal tone.

Subordinating conjunctions can show the aim of an action. So that and in order that link a clause to the purpose of the main action. In order that is often more formal than so that.

The subordinating clause can come before or after the independent clause. When the subordinating clause comes first, a comma usually separates the two clauses. When it comes second, a comma is usually not used, though style can vary in some cases.

Choose the subordinating conjunction by the relationship you want to express and by which idea you want to place in the dependent clause. Some conjunctions have more than one meaning, so context is important. You can now join clauses to show time, reason, contrast, condition, and purpose with clear sentence structure.