Modal Verbs

Können expresses ability or possibility. Use it to say someone is able to do something or that something is allowed in a general sense.

Müssen expresses necessity or obligation. Use it when something is required, either by external rules or internal need.

Wollen expresses intention or desire. Use it to state what someone plans or wants to do.

Sollen expresses advice, duty, or reported obligation. Use it for recommendations, moral duties, or when relaying what others say someone must do.

Dürfen expresses permission. Use it to ask for or grant permission, or to say something is allowed.

Mögen expresses liking or preference. In its modal form möchten it is used for polite requests or desires.

The six core modal verbs each serve distinct functions: können for ability, müssen for necessity, wollen for intent, sollen for duty or advice, dürfen for permission, and mögen for preference. Learning their key uses and conjugations unlocks nuanced expression in German.