Spoken Description

掌握虚词:讲解虚词的分类、用法和常见表达,详解虚词在句子中的位置和搭配,提供例句和练习,帮你准确使用虚词,提升流利度。适合中级学习者。

Learn Chinese particles: Understand the usage and placement of aspect particles such as 了, 着, 过, and 过, with clear explanations, example sentences, comparative notes, and practice exercises for correct and natural use.

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表现动作与时间的关系以及是否已完成、正在进行或有经验的方面助词,比如 了,着,和 过,附着在动词上,引导听者理解事件的性质。

Aspect particles like 了,着,and 过 show how an action relates to time and whether it is completed, ongoing, or experienced. They attach to verbs and guide listeners in interpreting the event.

了 (le) 通常标示一个已完成的动作或状态的变化。它常出现在动词之后或句末,表示某件事已经发生。

了 (le) usually marks a completed action or a change of state. It often appears right after the verb or at the end of a sentence to signal that something has happened.
我买了一本书。

I bought a book.

Conjugate the verb 'to buy' (买) to indicate a completed action: 我买_了一本书。 (action done)

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Examples

(如: 我去过中国。 — I have been to China before. 你看过那部电影吗? — Have you watched that movie before?)

着 (zhe) 表示持续的状态或正在进行的动作。它附着在动词上,显示情况仍在持续。

着 (zhe) indicates a continuing state or an ongoing action. It attaches to the verb and shows that the situation remains in effect.
他看书着。

He is reading (and the state continues).

Use 着 to express that someone is 'reading' currently and the action/state continues: 他看书_着。 (ongoing)

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Examples

(如: 我去过中国。 — I have been to China before. 你看过那部电影吗? — Have you watched that movie before?)

过 (guo) 标记过去的经历。它告诉我们某人在某个时间至少做过某事,但不强调具体何时。

过 (guo) marks past experience. It tells us that someone has done something at least once, without focusing on when.
去过北京。

I have been to Beijing before.

Say 'I have been to Beijing before' using 过: 我_去过北京。 (experience)

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Examples

(如: 我去过中国。 — I have been to China before. 你看过那部电影吗? — Have you watched that movie before?)

Double 了

当一个 了 表示动作或状态已完成,而另一个 了 则表示与讲话时刻相关的变化时,会出现双重 了。第一个 了 通常跟在动词后,第二个 了 则位于句末。

Double 了 can appear when one 了 marks completion and another 了 signals a change relevant to the moment of speaking. The first 了 follows the verb and the second 了 comes at the sentence end.

Summary

表现时间及状态的助词 了,着,和 过,各自具有不同功能:已完成或变化、持续状态、以及过去的经历。注意使用哪一个助词,有助于你理解和表达汉语中的细微时间概念。

Aspect particles 了,着,and 过 each serve a distinct function: completion or change, ongoing state, and past experience. Paying attention to which particle is used will help you understand and convey subtle time nuances in Mandarin.

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